writing

WRITING

is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols

Is a method of representing language in a visual or tactile form

A physical and mental activity engaged in for various purposes.

STAGES OF WRITING

STAGE 1: PREWRITING

Choose a topic.

Gather and organize ideas.

Consider the audience to whom students will write.

Identify the purpose of the writing activity.

Choose an appropriate genre for their compositions based on audience and purpose.

STAGE 2: DRAFTING

Write a rough draft.

Craft leads to grab readers’ attention.

Emphasize content rather than mechanics.

STAGE 3: REVISING

Share writing in writing groups.

Participate constructively in discussions about classmates’ writing.

Make changes in compositions to reflect the reactions and comments of both teacher and

classmates.

Make substantive rather than only minor changes between the first and final drafts.

STAGE 4: EDITING

Proofread compositions independently.

Help proofread classmates’ compositions.

Increasingly identify and correct mechanical errors without assistance.

STAGE 5: PUBLISHING

Publish writing in appropriate form.

Share finished writing with an appropriate audience.

5 LEVELS OF SUPPORT A TEACHER USE:

1. Modeled Writing

- teacher writes in front of students, creating the text, doing the writing, and thinking aloud about writing strategies and skills.

Purposes:

1. To demonstrate how do a new type of writing activity before having students do the writing activity independently or in a small groups.

2. To demonstrate how to use writing strategies, such a proofreading, monitoring, sentence combining and revising.

3. To demonstrate how writing conventions and other skills work.

2. Shared Writing- teacher and students create the text

together ; then the teacher does the actual writing. Students may assist by spelling words. Purposes: 1. To demonstrate how to writing works. 2. To record students’ idea. 3. To create written texts for the classroom that children could not write independently.

3. Interactive Writing- teacher and students create the text

and share the pen to do the writing. Teacher and students talk about writing conventions. Purposes: 1. To demonstrate how to write words and sentences. 2. To teach how to use capital letters and punctuation marks. 3. To demonstrate how to use phonics and spelling patterns to spell words. 4. To create written texts for the classroom that children could not write independently.

4. Guided Writing- teacher presents a structured lesson and supervises as students write. Teacher also teaches a writing procedure, strategy, or skill.

Purposes: 1. To scaffolding a writing experience so that students

can be successful. 2. To introduce different types of writing activities 3. To teach children to use the writing process in

particular, how to revise and edit. 4. To teach procedures, concepts, strategies, and skills

during minilessons.

5. Independent Writing- students use the writing process to write stories, informational books, and other compositions. Teacher monitors students’ progress.

2 APPROACHES IN WRITING

1. Writing Workshop Approach- provide children with opportunities to use the writing process to create books and other composition- students choose their own topic- is an ongoing and regularly scheduled part of the day

2. Thematic Approach-respond to literature and expand learning about

social studies and science through writing projects- students write on topics related to literature or

social studies and science- it continues until the project is completed,

usually a week or two

Purposes: 1. To provide an authentic context for writing

practice. 2. To give students opportunities to choose

writing topics and forms. 3. To gain writing fluency and stamina. 4. As a tool for learning, such as when

children write in reading logs. 5. To make and publish books. 6. To document learning in literature focus

units and thematic units.

WRITING STRATEGIES USE BY A WRITER

- are deliberate thinking procedures writers use to solve problems that they encounter while writing.

1. Tap prior knowledge- students think about they already know about the topic of their composition.

2. Organize ideas- students group and sequence ideas before writing.

3. Visualize- students use the description and sensory details to make their writing more vivid.

4. Summarize- students write the main ideas or events in a text they have read or written.

5. Make connections- students make “personal,” “world knowledge,” and “literary” connections to the composition they are writing.

6. Revise meaning- students add words and sentences, make

substitutions and deletions, and move text around to communicate more effectively.7. Monitor

- students coordinate all writing- related activities, check on how well they are communicating, and ask self- questions.8. Play with language

- students incorporate figurative and novel uses of language in their writing.9. Generalize

- students draw out main ideas and details and use main ideas to direct readers through the compositions10. Evaluate

- students make judgements about, reflect on, and value their writing.

SKILLS THAT WRITERS USE:

1. Structuring skills- students use structuring skills as they craft

sentences, group sentences into paragraphs, and organize the entire composition.2. Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitalization Skills

- are the traditional “mechanics” of writing.3. Language Skills

- precise and imaginative language make writing more interesting.4. Reference Skills

- variety reference tools a writer will use 5. Handwriting and Word Processing Skills

- students develop effective manuscript and cursive handwriting skills so that they can write legibly and fluently.

STRATEGIES IN INFORMAL WRITING

1. Brainstorming- quickly list all words and phrases that come

to mind in response to the topic.- use of KWL chart

2. Clustering- similar to brainstorming except that all the

words generated are circled and linked to a nucleus word.3. Quickwriting

- students simply begin to write and let their thoughts flow freely without focusing on mechanics or revisions.

SIX WRITING GENRES

1. Descriptive writing

2. Expository writing

3. Narrative writing

4. Persuasive writing

5. Journals and Letters6. Poetry writing