world war i. the turning point -- u.s. enters war (1917) 1. lusitania (1915) –e–english...

World War IWorld War I

THE Turning Point -- U.S. enters THE Turning Point -- U.S. enters war (1917)war (1917)

• 1. Lusitania (1915)– English passenger

ship (128 Americans on board die) sunk by German U-boat

– Other ships are sunk as well

– Germany promises to sink all ships (in British water) on sight

U.S. enters warU.S. enters war

• 2. Zimmermann note– Germany tries to get

Mexico to invade U.S.• Promises a return of

conquered territory

U.S. aids the AlliesU.S. aids the Allies

Other BattlesOther Battles

• Cantigny (1918) – First battle for U.S. troops – stop Germans 50 miles outside Paris

• Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood (June 1918) – Germans retreat

22ndnd Battle of the Marne (July 1918) Battle of the Marne (July 1918)

• Germany’s last effort to win on Western Front – fails

• War is over• Kaiser Wilhelm steps

down

New Tools for warNew Tools for war

Machine GunsMachine Guns

Poison GasPoison Gas

TanksTanks

AirplanesAirplanes

Curtiss - American

Halberstadt - German

FlamethrowersFlamethrowers

Heroes (and Goats)Heroes (and Goats)

Allies

- General Pershing

- Alvin C. York (killed 20 captured 132)

- Eddie Rickenbacker (134 dogfights – 26 downed aircraft)

- Woodrow Wilson

Heroes, cont.Heroes, cont.

• Herbert Hoover (fed starving in Belgium)

• George Creel (propaganda and morale)

• Russian Bolsheviks

• The Big 4– David Lloyd George– Georges Clemenceau– Vittorio Orlando

Heroes, cont.Heroes, cont.

Central Powers

- Kaiser Wilhelm

- Gavrilo Princip

- Baron von Richthofen (Red Baron)

Costs and LivesCosts and Lives

LivesOver 8,000,000 total deathsGermany = 1,900,000Russia = 1,300,000France = 1,300,000Austria-Hungary = 1,200,000England = 1,000,000Ottoman Empire = 725,000United States = 116,000

Costs and Lives, cont.Costs and Lives, cont.

Russia most casualties (when you include starvation, illness, etc.) with over 9 million dead, wounded, and missing

U.S. total casualties = 360,000

Money

$185,000,000,000 total

U.S. = $22.5 billion

Germany = $37.8 billion

TreatyTreaty

War Ends 11/11/1918 at 11 a.m.

Treaty of Versailles Jan. 18, 1919

New nations created (including Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia)

Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France

Germany had to pay $33 billion in war damages to the allies

Treaty, cont.Treaty, cont.

• Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 - no weapons, no U-boats

• Germany forced to admit sole guilt (war-guilt clause)

• Germany loses all colonial/imperial holdings

• Austria-Hungary divided

• Russia loses more territory than Germany

Non-Treaty Results/Long-term Non-Treaty Results/Long-term significancesignificance

• Fourteen Points• League of Nations (threatens American

isolationism?)• Russia determined to regain territory as Soviet

Union• Germany humiliated (HUGE chip on its

shoulder)• No enforcing of treaty• World War II