world history 1500 to present

Unit 3 Vocabulary: Unit 3 Vocabulary: French Revolution and other French Revolution and other Enlightenment inspired revolutions, spread of Enlightenment inspired revolutions, spread of

nationalism; Unification Movements; nationalism; Unification Movements; Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

SOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-cSOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-c

World History 1500 to World History 1500 to PresentPresent

BourgeoisieBourgeoisie

This term refers to the This term refers to the wealthiest members of the wealthiest members of the Third estate in France, or Third estate in France, or “the middle class.” “the middle class.”

The bourgeoisie were the wealthiest members of the Third Estate.

BastilleBastille

This was a state prison and This was a state prison and royal armory that an angry royal armory that an angry mob attacked on July 14, mob attacked on July 14, 1789.1789.

Louis XVILouis XVI

This French royal was too This French royal was too late in enacting reforms and late in enacting reforms and controlling expenses of the controlling expenses of the royal family. He lost his head royal family. He lost his head when the revolution got more when the revolution got more radical.radical.

RobespierreRobespierre A believer in the social contract A believer in the social contract

theory, this leader of the theory, this leader of the Committee of Public Safety was Committee of Public Safety was once called “the Incorruptible,” once called “the Incorruptible,” but his extremism led to his but his extremism led to his arrest and execution at the arrest and execution at the guillotine.guillotine.

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror This was an attempt by the This was an attempt by the

National Convention and the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety to Committee of Public Safety to protect France and the goals of protect France and the goals of the revolution from “enemies” the revolution from “enemies” at home and abroad. Up to at home and abroad. Up to 40,000 people were executed.40,000 people were executed.

NapoleonNapoleon

This leader of France rose up This leader of France rose up through the military ranks to through the military ranks to become the self-proclaimed become the self-proclaimed emperor of France after the emperor of France after the revolution de-stabilized the revolution de-stabilized the nationnation

Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David

This was the leading artist of This was the leading artist of the French Revolution best the French Revolution best known for painting grand known for painting grand portraits of Napoleon. portraits of Napoleon.

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture Born a slave on the island of Born a slave on the island of

Haiti, this person was called the Haiti, this person was called the “tree of black liberty” and is “tree of black liberty” and is known for inspiring his known for inspiring his followers to establish Haiti as followers to establish Haiti as the first non-slave nation in the the first non-slave nation in the Western Hemisphere.Western Hemisphere.

“Tree of Black

Liberty”

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar This educated Creole led an This educated Creole led an

uprising inspired by the uprising inspired by the American and French American and French Revolutions and established Revolutions and established the republic of Venezuela in the republic of Venezuela in South America. South America.

His legacy contributed decisively to the independence

of present-day Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá,

Perú and Venezuela

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna This was a gathering of This was a gathering of

European powers to restore European powers to restore stability to Europe after 25 stability to Europe after 25 years of war. Dominated by years of war. Dominated by conservative forces, the powers conservative forces, the powers agreed to crush uprisings agreed to crush uprisings inspired by enlightenment inspired by enlightenment ideas.ideas.

Klemens von MetternichKlemens von Metternich

This Austrian foreign This Austrian foreign minister was in charge of minister was in charge of directing the European peace directing the European peace settlement in 1815. settlement in 1815.

Clemens von Metternich und James Monroe"

Count CavourCount Cavour This crafty politician was This crafty politician was

appointed prime minister of appointed prime minister of Sardinia and helped expand the Sardinia and helped expand the economy and push out foreign economy and push out foreign influences. Eventually, he influences. Eventually, he helped unite Italy. helped unite Italy.

G. GaribaldiG. Garibaldi

This Italian patriot was the This Italian patriot was the leader of the Red Shirts and leader of the Red Shirts and united much of Southern united much of Southern Italy through his military Italy through his military victories.victories.

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

This Prussian noble is This Prussian noble is credited with masterminding credited with masterminding the unification of Germany.the unification of Germany.

Otto von Bismarck Bergman

RealpolitikRealpolitik

This term means politics that This term means politics that are based on practical are based on practical matters rather than on matters rather than on theory or ethics.theory or ethics.

RomanticismRomanticism This artistic movement emerged This artistic movement emerged

as a reaction against the as a reaction against the rationalism of the rationalism of the Enlightenment and stressed Enlightenment and stressed feelings, emotions, and the feelings, emotions, and the imagination as sources of imagination as sources of knowledge.knowledge.

James HargreavesJames Hargreaves

This textile worker invented a This textile worker invented a spinning wheel –a spinning spinning wheel –a spinning jenny- that could allow one jenny- that could allow one worker to work eight threads at worker to work eight threads at the same time, thus speeding up the same time, thus speeding up textile work.textile work.

James WattJames Watt

This person is a credited with This person is a credited with improving the steam engine improving the steam engine that powered much of the that powered much of the Industrial Revolution.Industrial Revolution.

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney This person is best known This person is best known

for inventing the cotton gin for inventing the cotton gin which removed seeds from which removed seeds from the cotton and sped up the cotton and sped up production.production.

REMOVES SEEDS

DOES NOT PICK COTTON!!!

Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer

This person created a better This person created a better process for turning iron into process for turning iron into steel.steel.

Edward JennerEdward Jenner

This person invented a This person invented a vaccine for smallpox.vaccine for smallpox.

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

This person proposed the This person proposed the germ theory of disease and germ theory of disease and eventually developed a eventually developed a process for purifying milk. process for purifying milk.

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

This English naturalist This English naturalist challenged the idea of special challenged the idea of special creation with his theory that all creation with his theory that all forms of life evolved from earlier forms of life evolved from earlier forms of life. He wrote forms of life. He wrote On the On the Origin of Species by Means of Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.Natural Selection.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

This Austrian doctor believed that This Austrian doctor believed that the unconscious mind drives how the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. He developed people think and act. He developed a therapy called psychoanalysis to a therapy called psychoanalysis to help patients deal with the help patients deal with the psychological conflicts created by psychological conflicts created by these forces.these forces.

Adam SmithAdam Smith

This icon of capitalism wrote This icon of capitalism wrote The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations in in which he explains the market which he explains the market forces of supply and demand forces of supply and demand that are crucial to economic that are crucial to economic growth.growth.

Karl MarxKarl Marx

This famous, extreme socialist This famous, extreme socialist wrote the Communist Manifesto in wrote the Communist Manifesto in which he and Freidrich Engels which he and Freidrich Engels explained the evil injustices explained the evil injustices associated with capitalism. They associated with capitalism. They suggested that redistributing suggested that redistributing wealth was a solution to the wealth was a solution to the problems of capitalism.problems of capitalism.

Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria This person was monarch of This person was monarch of

Great Britain from 1837-1901 Great Britain from 1837-1901 whose sense of duty and moral whose sense of duty and moral responsibility lent her name to responsibility lent her name to the Age.the Age.

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

This means hostility and This means hostility and persecution of Jews. persecution of Jews.

ZionismZionism

This is a movement that This is a movement that emerged from the long history emerged from the long history of exile and persecution of exile and persecution experienced by generations of experienced by generations of Jews and focused on securing a Jews and focused on securing a homeland in Palestine.homeland in Palestine.

Dreyfus AffairDreyfus Affair This was an incident in which a This was an incident in which a

Jewish captain in the French Jewish captain in the French army was unfairly tried for army was unfairly tried for treason, but later found treason, but later found innocent and pardoned after innocent and pardoned after public outcry.public outcry.