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AgendaAgenda

•• IntroductionIntroduction–– Exercise 1 Exercise 1 –– Map Types Map Types

•• Part 1 Part 1 –– ArcGIS Information and OrganizationArcGIS Information and Organization•• Part 2 Part 2 –– Purpose, Audience & ConstraintsPurpose, Audience & Constraints

–– Exercise 2 Exercise 2 –– Map CritiqueMap Critique

BreakBreak

•• Part 3 Part 3 –– Basic Cartographic Design PrinciplesBasic Cartographic Design Principles•• Part 4 Part 4 –– Map CompilationMap Compilation•• Part 5 Part 5 –– SymbolizationSymbolization

–– Exercise 3 Exercise 3 –– Map DesignMap Design

Map Making with ArcGISMap Making with ArcGIS

Part 5 Part 5 –– SymbolizationSymbolization

The Four Aspects of SymbolizationThe Four Aspects of Symbolization

featuredimensionality

levelof

measurement

graphicmark

visualvariables

mappingmethodsymbolization

=+ + +

Symbolization requiresSymbolization requires……

•• Level of measurement Level of measurement ---- selecting (and maybe selecting (and maybe changing) the level of measurement of the changing) the level of measurement of the original data valuesoriginal data values

•• Feature dimensionality Feature dimensionality ---- conceptualizing the conceptualizing the feature that is to be portrayed in terms of the feature that is to be portrayed in terms of the extent of the phenomenaextent of the phenomena

Levels of measurement for cartographyLevels of measurement for cartography

•• Nominal Nominal qualitativequalitative•• Ordinal, interval, ratio Ordinal, interval, ratio quantitative quantitative

(numerical)(numerical)

Feature DimensionalityFeature Dimensionality

•• 0 to 3 dimensions0 to 3 dimensions–– Point (0Point (0--D)D)–– Line (1Line (1--D)D)–– Area (2Area (2--D)D)–– Surface (2Surface (2--½½))–– Volume (3Volume (3--D)D)

Putting the Four Factors togetherPutting the Four Factors together

featuredimensionality

levelof

measurement

graphicmark

visualvariables

mappingmethodsymbolization

=+ + +

Graphic MarksGraphic Marks

•• PointPoint•• LineLine•• PolygonPolygon•• (Pixels, facets, etc.)(Pixels, facets, etc.)

Visual Variables (a la Brewer)Visual Variables (a la Brewer)

For CartographyFor Cartography•• QualitativeQualitative

–– HueHue–– OrientationOrientation–– ShapeShape–– ArrangementArrangement

•• QuantitativeQuantitative–– Value (Lightness)Value (Lightness)–– Chroma (Saturation)Chroma (Saturation)–– Spacing (Texture)Spacing (Texture)–– Size (includes Perspective Size (includes Perspective

Height)Height)

Color variablesColor variables

•• HueHue

•• Value / lightnessValue / lightness

•• Saturation / chromaSaturation / chroma

HueHue

ValueValue

SizeSize

ShapeShape

Orientation of point symbolsOrientation of point symbols

Orientation of a patternOrientation of a pattern

ArrangementArrangement

The Symbol Selection ProcessThe Symbol Selection Process

•• 4 major factors underlying the symbol selection 4 major factors underlying the symbol selection processprocess–– Level of measurementLevel of measurement

•• of data describing each featureof data describing each feature•• of information about the feature that we want to of information about the feature that we want to

communicate to the map readercommunicate to the map reader–– Spatial dimensionSpatial dimension

•• point, line, area, surface, volumepoint, line, area, surface, volume–– Graphic marksGraphic marks

•• point, line, area, surface (pixels, facets, etc.)point, line, area, surface (pixels, facets, etc.)–– Visual variables Visual variables

•• for the different graphic marksfor the different graphic marks•• for the different conceived spatial structuresfor the different conceived spatial structures•• and for the different levels of measurementand for the different levels of measurement

Mapping MethodsMapping Methods

•• Choropleth mapsChoropleth maps•• Proportional symbol mapsProportional symbol maps•• Isopleth mapsIsopleth maps•• Dot mapsDot maps•• Dasymetric mapsDasymetric maps•• Prism mapsPrism maps•• Flow mapsFlow maps•• CartogramsCartograms

Exercise 3Exercise 3

Map DesignMap Design