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Bass, Shreya 1 Entry #: 35114
The Legacy of Edward V. Roberts: Father of Independent Living
Lisa Bass, Shreya Sahoo Senior Division Group Website
Bass, Sahoo 2
Works Cited
Primary Sources
"25,000...but Just One like Ed." n.d.: n. pag. Metropolitan Transportation Commission.
Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
This newspaper article showed the public's reaction to Roberts going to UC Berkeley,
and showed us how his acceptance to the University of California at Berkeley led to
hundreds of other people with disabilities to do the same.
Bedridden Roberts with family. Digital image. Metropolitan Transportation Commission.
Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
This was an image of Roberts when he was paralyzed with polio in 1953.
Bess, Williamson. Cover of The Independent showing Berkeley's “Wheelchair Route” designers.
Digital image. Boom: A Journal of California. University of California Regents, Spring
2012. Web. 28 Jan. 2015.
This was a cover of a newspaper article describing the routes that people who used
wheelchairs took, as a precursor to the curb cuts.
Bess, Williamson. Curb cut diagrams by Yoshiaki Imafuku, in Going Where You Wheel on
Telegraph Avenue. Digital image. Boom: A Journal of California. University of California
Regents, Spring 2012. Web. 28 Jan. 2015.
This was an image of curb cut designs from 1974.
Brown, Steven. Email interview. 9 Feb. 2015.
Steve Brown enriched our knowledge on the impact Ed Roberts made on not only society,
but individuals. He counted various stories of Roberts’ personal effects and impacts on
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himself and others that he knew.
Ed Saw Advocacy as an Important Part of His Role as Director of Rehab. 1977. San Francisco.
Metropolitan Transportation Center. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This photo of Roberts' protesting shows his dedication and impactfulness in Section 504.
“Rolling Quads”. N.d. Metropolitan Transportation Commission. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This was a photo of Roberts and another fellow student with disabilities enjoying a sports
game.
"Helpless Cripple Attends Classes Here in Wheelchair." Berkeley Gazette 1963: n. pag. Print.
This headline from the Berkeley Gazette helped us see the way people with severe
disabilities like Roberts were perceived, and demonstrated the uproar that it caused.
Moyer, Jeff. Email interview. 9 Feb. 2015.
Jeff Moyer is a disability activist and he had met Roberts during the independent and
disability rights movement. He explained the impact that Roberts had during his time, as
well as his long term legacy. He also went in detail about how Roberts’ leadership paved it
"Parallels In Time VI. The Independent Living Movement." Parallels In Time VI. The
Independent Living Movement. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This was Ed Robert’s autobiography as told to Joan Oda. From this, we learned about all
of Roberts’ achievements, and his personal beliefs and encounters.
Ralph, Craib. "Emotional Plea for Handicapped." 1977.: n. pag. Print.
This newspaper article about Section 504 showed us how impactful Roberts' and his
protesters were; they took their demonstrations all the way to court.
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Roberts, Ed. "People in Motion, Ready to Live." Interview. Minnesota Council on
Developmental Disabilities. The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities,
n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This video gave us insight on what Ed Roberts and other people with severe disabilities
have to go through daily, and well as allowed us gave us more information on DSP, CIL,
and WID.
Roberts, Ed " 60 Minutes Segment." Interview. Minnesota Council on Developmental
Disabilities. The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities, 1985. Web. 25
Jan. 2015.
This source is an interview with Ed Roberts on 60 Minutes. It depicts the emotional and
physical struggles he faced throughout his life because, how he overcame them, and the
impact of CIL and WID. Roberts also discusses the importance of independent living.
Roberts, Mark. Telephone interview. 10 Feb. 2015.
Mark Roberts, Ed Roberts’ younger brother, told us various anecdotes about Ed relating
to the impact he made and the struggles that Ed had to overcome. He also described how
Roberts’ legacy is still here, as well as how Roberts was inspired in the first place.
Roberts with Iron Lung. Digital image. Metropolitan Transportation Commission. Metropolitan
Transportation Commission, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
This is a photo of Roberts’ with his 800 pound iron lung.
Roberts, Zona. "Ed Roberts." Telephone interview. 17 Jan. 2015.
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Ms. Roberts enlightened us on Ed Roberts' early life and his emotional and physical
struggles with his disability. She also told us about his characteristics that shaped him
into a leader of the disability rights movement. Ms. Roberts also put us in contact with
her son, Mark Roberts, Ed Roberts’ brother and sent us a children’s book by Diana
Carson helped us see the “big picture.”
"Sections." Highlights from Speeches by Ed Roberts World Institute on Disability. Web. 25 Jan.
2015.
This was a list of famous quotes from Ed Roberts’ speeches that helped us gain
knowledge about his personality and beliefs.
Stein, Ken. Doug Brown and Gene Turitz Carry CIL’s Banner. N.d. Berkeley.Metropolitan
Transportation Commission. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 25 Mar. 2011.
Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
This was a photo of supporters carrying a CIL banner.
The Two Sides of Ed This Love of Life: Here with His Son Lee. N.d. Metropolitan Transportation
Commission. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Nov.
2014.
This was a photo of Roberts and his son.
The WID Family. N.d. Metropolitan Transportation Commission. Metropolitan Transportation
Commission, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
This was a photo of Roberts and his team at WID, an organization he cofounded.
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Williams, Arleigh. "Dean of Students Arleigh Williams : The Free Speech Movement and the
Six Years War, 19641970 : Oral History Transcript / 198889." Interview by Germaine
LaBerge. Bancroft Library. The Regents of the University of California, 1989. Web. 10 Feb.
2015.
This interview gave us a sense of what education was like for disabled people, and the
huge impact Roberts had on this. Arleigh Williams also explained the challenges Roberts
had to overcome in order to attend the University of California at Berkeley.
Wright, Lucy, and Amy M. Hamburger. Education and Occupations of Cripples, Juvenile and
Adult: A Survey of All the Cripples of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1916. New York: Red Cross Institute
for Crippled and Disabled Men, 1918. Print.
This book described the conditions of disabled children and adults in Cleveland, and its
images especially demonstrated the “ugly laws” and “institutionalisation” that people
were disabilities were restricted by.
Secondary Sources
"About Ed Roberts Campus." Ed Roberts Campus. Web. 03 Nov. 2014.
This source, the Ed Roberts campus, shows his legacy and how even after he has passed
this organization is helping the organizations that Rober’s helped in his fight for
disability rights.
"A Brief History of the Disability Rights Movement." AntiDefamation League.
AntiDefamation League, n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
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This article gave us more insight on the social perceptions for people with disabilities and
how initial advancements did occur post World War I; however little effect happened
until the civil rights movements of the sixties.
ADA Motto. Digital image. Eighth Judicial Circuit of Florida. Eighth Judicial Circuit of Florida,
n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.
This is an image representing what the ADA stood for.
Adams, Maurianne, Lee Anne Bell, and Pat Griffin. Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice.
New York: Routledge, 2007. Print.
This book enriched our knowledge on the social perceptions throughout history regarding people
with disabilities.
Bess, Williamson.Raised curb cuts at Telegraph and Dwight avenues, 2011. Digital image.
Boom: A Journal of California. University of California Regents, Spring 2012. Web. 28
Jan. 2015.
This image depicted current curb cuts.
"CIL, Inc. History." CIL, Inc. History. Web. 03 Nov. 2014.
We found from this source that Ed Roberts was the first director of CIL and with his
guidance CIL was able to make so many changes for the disabled.
Connally, Patrick Wm. Ed Roberts Portraits. N.d. The Minnesota Council on Developmental
Disabilities. The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities. Web. 25 Jan.
2015.
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These paintings portray Roberts in various scenarios and depicted his personality and
ideologies perfectly.
Ed Robert's Day. Digital image. California State Senate. California State Senate, n.d. Web. 20
Jan. 2015.
This is a photo celebrating Ed Roberts’ Day and demonstrates Roberts’ lasting legacy.
Ed Robert's Day. Digital image. YO! Youth Organizing – Disabled & Proud. California
Foundation for Independent Living Centers, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.
This is another image celebrating Ed Roberts’ Day.
Fleischer, Doris Zames., and Frieda Zames. The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to
Confrontation. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2001. Print.
This book helped us see the impact of Roberts’ work with independent living centers, and
the path of the disability rights movement in general.
Gill, Carol J. "A Brief History: Attitudes and Treatment of People with Disabilities."
Independent Living Articles. June Isaacson Kailes, Disability Policy Consultant, 1999. Web. 25
Jan. 2015.
This article helped us gain insight on the social perceptions of people with disabilities
throughout history.
"History of the Disabled Students' Program and Residence Program."History. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
This article gave us a history of the DSP and Roberts’ role in its formation, as well as
DSP’s current information which gave us insight into Roberts’ legacy.
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Leon, Joan. "Ed Roberts, His Life and His Legacy." World Institute on Disability. World
Institute on Disability, n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2014.
In this article, Joan Leon, cofounder of the World Institute of Disability, explains
Roberts’ struggles, leadership, and legacy. The article gave us knowledge of Roberts’
biggest achievements.
Longmore, Paul K., Julia Sain, Gina McDonald, and Mike Oxford. "History and Philosophy of
Independent Living." State Independent Living Council. State of Oregon, 12 Apr. 2004. Web. 1
Feb. 2015.
This article explained Roberts entire leadership achievements and included interesting
quotes that truly captured Roberts legacy, including one from Tom Harkin, a previous
senator.
"Past and Present Perceptions Towards Disability: A Historical Perspective." Disability Studies
Quarterly. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This article gave us insight into the preconceived notions toward those with disabilities
throughout history. It helped us better understand Roberts’ and the disability rights
movement’s huge impact.
Shapiro, Joseph P. No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement.
New York: Times, 1993. Print.
Shapiro’s book elucidated the perceptions about disabled people clealrly, and made note of
how Ed Roberts specifically changed that.
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Shapiro, Joseph P. "The New Civil Rights." CODI: Cornucopia of Disability Information. Texas
A&M University, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.
Shapiro’s article explained the significance of Roberts work as well as how Roberts was
inspired by other movements such as the women's right movement.
Shields, Kevin. "Ed Roberts." Email interview. 22 Jan. 2015.
Mr. Shield, the coordinator at the DSRP at UC Berkeley explained Roberts' struggles to
become a student at UC Berkeley as well as his impact. He also explained the impact of
the DSP and CIL and Roberts' legacy. Mr. Shield also sent us old newspaper articles
about Roberts’ which were very helpful to visually describe Roberts’ leadership and
impact.
Schweik, Susan. "Ed Roberts." Email interview. 11 Jan. 2015.
In our email interview with Ms. Schweik, she explained the preconceived notions about
people with disabilities before and after the disability rights movement, Ed Roberts'
contributions and his lasting legacy. She also put us in contact with Zona Roberts, Ed
Roberts’ mother, which was very helpful.
Thompson, Dan. "Ugly Laws The History of Disability Regulation in North America." A.M.
Best. Best Company, Inc, Spring 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
We learned about what ugly laws were from this article as well as its prevalence in the
United States prior to the disability rights movement.
"What Was Ed Roberts Doing to Get the ADA Passed?" Interview by Charlie Carr. It's Our
Story. It's Our Story, 20 June 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2015.
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This interview with a disability rights activist explained how Ed Roberts paved the way
for the ADA to be passed as well as his international leadership through the ADA.
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