word recognition in normal reading
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Word recognitionin normal reading
Sara C. Sereno
Collaborators: RAs/PGs:
Paddy O’Donnell Sébastien Miellet
Hartmut Leuthold Graham Scott
Christopher Hand
Word Recognition
• What factors affect word recognition?
• How can word recognition processes be accurately measured?
• How can effects be interpreted?
• Orthography of language– English vs. Hebrew or Japanese
• Intraword (sublexical) variables– word-initial bi/tri-grams clown vs. dwarf– spelling-to-sound regularity hint vs. pint– neighborhood consistency made vs.
gave– morphemes
• prefix vs. pseudo-prefix remind vs. relish• compound vs. pseudo-compound cowboy vs. carpet
What factors affect word recognition?
What factors affect word recognition?
• Word (lexical) variables– word length duke vs. fisherman– word frequency student vs. steward– AoA rabbit vs. violin– expert vocabulary voxel– syntactic class open/closed-class; A,N,V– ambiguity bank vs. edge, brim– concreteness/imagability tree vs. idea– animacy dog vs. cup– affective tone love vs. farm vs. fire
What factors affect word recognition?
• Extraword (supralexical) variables– Contextual predictability
Neutral He bought a large plant for his garden.
Biasing Terry went to the new gardening centre. He bought a large plant for his garden.
– Syntactic complexity
Trans. Mary took the book
VERB Mary knew the book
Intrans. Mary hoped the book
on the table.was good.
on the table.was good.
on the table.was good.
• Extraword (supralexical) variables– Discourse factors
Focus The dog chased the cat today.
The cat was chased by the dog today.
What the dog chased was the cat today.
It was the cat that was chased by the dog today.
Elaborative inferences & anaphora
What factors affect word recognition?
… The mugger her with his weaponweapon…
He threw the knife into the bushes and ran away.
stabbedassaulted
What factors affect word recognition?
• Language skill– beginning (novice) vs. skilled (expert) readers– normal vs. dyslexic vs. neuropsychological patient
How can word recognition processesbe accurately measured?
Measure Task Time Res.“electrical” imaging single word presentation ~80-500 ms (EEG, MEG) word-by-word reading (P1,N1,EPN,N400)
Eye movements in fixation time, location & ~250 ms normal reading sequence of EM’s
Stnd. word recogn. naming ~500 ms ± priming, masking, lexical decision RT ~600 ms lateralized present. categorization ~800 ms
“blood flow” imaging single word presentation seconds (PET, fMRI)
Thisisawordbywordpresentationofasentenceatafastreading-likerate.
Word-by-word reading: 200 ms per word
Thisisawordbywordpresentationofasentenceataslowratetypically usedinERPstudies.
Word-by-word reading: 600 ms per word
Normal Reading
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.
*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.*
This is an approximation of normal reading
in real time.*
The importance of making eye movements in normal reading
Cond1 There was a box of…
Cond2 There was an enormous box of…
Cond1 She saw a cat in the…
Cond2 She saw a cup in the…
The measure affects what is being measured:– Perception of text influences how EMs made.– Location/duration of EMs affect perception.
• Theoretical approaches– Interactive (top-down) vs. Modular (bottom-up)
• Additive factors
How can effects be interpreted?
StimulusQuality
Context
FrequencyRT
RT
• Modelling
How can effects be interpreted?
• Modelling– Repeated measures multiple
regression analyses:
Oculomotor-related factorslaunch distance to wordlocation of fixation within
wordnumber of fixations on wordword lengthword frequencycontextual predictability
Language-related factors
How can effects be interpreted?
Factors Measures Approachorthographybi-/tri-gramsregularityneighborhoodmorphologylengthfrequencyjargonword classambiguityimagabilityanimacyemotionalitypredictabilitysyntactic prefs.focusinferenceanaphoraskill
ERPs+
word-by-word(slow) presentation
Eye movements +
normal reading
EM-ERPco-registration?
Additive factors
Repeated measuresmultiple regression
Distributed hierarchical visual processing in primateslexical humans
higher-levelsemantics
syntax
meanings
word forms
letters
features
Why?
• Precisely delineate the time course of different levels of linguistic processing.
• Help inform a temporally realistic neural circuitry of normal reading.
Measurement
EMs = best on-line measure of visual word recognition in the context of normal reading
ERPs = best real-time measure of brain activity associated with the perceptual and cognitive processing of words
(Sereno & Rayner, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003)
(Sereno & Rayner, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003)
Sereno, Rayner, & Posner (1998). NeuroReport.Sereno, Brewer, & O’Donnell (2003). Psych. Sci.
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