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Prof. George CandeaSchool of Computer & Communication Sciences
Why Study Principles of Computer Systems ?
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 2
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 2
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
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3
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
SafetySecurity
ReliabilityPerformance
Manageability
Samsung Cell Phones May Fail To Dial 911- Software Update Required May 26, 2009 !
Flashback)Trojan)Is)Latest)A4ack)on)Apple)Systems
April)16,)2012
4
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 5
NetworkingOpe
ratin
gsy
stem
s
Databases
Programming
languages
Computer
architecture
• Safety• Security• Reliability• Performance• Manageability Hardware
Operating systemRuntime / Libraries
ApplicationsMiddleware
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 6
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 7
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 8
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
RAID / disk servers
Relational databases Berkeley, Wisconsin
IBM
Oracle, IBM, Sybase
Berkeley
Striping / Datamesh, Petal
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
World Wide Web
Alta Vista
Netscape, Yahoo
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Speech recognition CMU, SRI, MIT
Bell, IBM, Dragon
Dragon, IBM, L&H Broadband last mile
Bellcore
Amati, Alcatel, Broadcom
Stanford, UCLA
Portable communication
Linkobit, Hughes
Qualcomm
Berkeley, Purdue (CDMA)
Parallel databases Tokyo, Wisconsin, UCLA
IBM, ICL
ICL, Teradata, Tandem
Parallel computing Illiac 4, CMU, Caltech, HPC
IBM, Intel
CM-5, Teradata, Cray T3D
Data mining Wisconsin, Stanford
IBM, Arbor
IRI, Arbor, Plato
CERN, Illinois (Mosaic)
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
from Internet
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 9
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
RAID / disk servers
Relational databases Berkeley, Wisconsin
IBM
Oracle, IBM, Sybase
Berkeley
Striping / Datamesh, Petal
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
World Wide Web
Alta Vista
Netscape, Yahoo
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Speech recognition CMU, SRI, MIT
Bell, IBM, Dragon
Dragon, IBM, L&H Broadband last mile
Bellcore
Amati, Alcatel, Broadcom
Stanford, UCLA
Portable communication
Linkobit, Hughes
Qualcomm
Berkeley, Purdue (CDMA)
Parallel databases Tokyo, Wisconsin, UCLA
IBM, ICL
ICL, Teradata, Tandem
Parallel computing Illiac 4, CMU, Caltech, HPC
IBM, Intel
CM-5, Teradata, Cray T3D
Data mining Wisconsin, Stanford
IBM, Arbor
IRI, Arbor, Plato
CERN, Illinois (Mosaic)
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
from Internet
... fromInternet
LANs Rings, Hubnet
Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet
LANs, switched Ethernet
Graphical User Interfaces
Workstations
Graphics Sketchpad, Utah
GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft
E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe
Lisp machine, Stanford
Xerox Alto
Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun
Engelbart / Rochester
Alto, Smalltalk
Star, Mac, Microsoft
Timesharing CTSS, Multics / BSD
Unix
SDS 940, 360/67, VMS
Arpanet, Aloha, Internet
Pup
DECnet, TCP/IP
RISC processors Berkeley, Stanford
IBM 801
SUN, SGI, IBM, HP
VLSI design Berkeley, Caltech, Mosis
many
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Client/server computing Berkeley, CMU, CERN
Parc, DEC, IBM
Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle
Entertainment
Spacewar (MIT), Trek (Rochester)
Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar
The topics are ordered roughly by increasing date of $1B industry University Industry research Products $1B market
Interplay of university research, industrial research, and development for IT in the US (A)
to World Wide Web
Prof. George CandeaSchool of Computer & Communication Sciences
Why Is A Computer System ?
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
What is a Computer System ?
A group of interconnected components that exhibits an expected collective behavior observed at the interfaces with its environment.
2
SystemEnvironment
Interface
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Examples of Systems
• Examples of systems• a smartphone or tablet
• the Internet
• ticket reservation system
• shared calendaring system
• air traffic control
• an e-commerce site
• smart home
• self-driving cars
3
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 4
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 5
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems 6
George Candea
2/3 profile viewof instructor
Principles of Computer Systems
What Is A Computer System ?
• Three parts• system components
• surrounding environment
• interface
• Litmus test of good system• predict system behavior from
component-level behaviors ?
7
Prof. George CandeaSchool of Computer & Communication Sciences
The Complexity Challenge
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
gear = gear+1rpm = 0.5*rpm
autoShift (int rpm)
if (rpm > 1000)
gear = gear+1
rpm = 0.5*rpm
if (rpm < 700)
gear=0
return rpm < 700 rpm < 700
rpm > 1000
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
rpm > 1000
rpm < 700rpm < 700
2
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
autoShift (int rpm)
if (rpm > 1000)
gear = gear+1
rpm = 0.5*rpm
if (rpm < 700)
gear=0
return
gear = gear+1rpm = 0.5*rpm
rpm > 1000
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
rpm=1200
rpm < 700
rpm=1800
rpm < 700 rpm < 700
3
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
gear = gear+1rpm = 0.5*rpm
autoShift (int rpm)
if (rpm > 1000)
gear = gear+1
rpm = 0.5*rpm
if (rpm < 700)
gear=0
return
rpm > 1000
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
rpm ∈ {0,350,944,1200,1800}
rpm < 700rpm < 700
4
Software Testing
Software Testing
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
paths ≃ 2 program size
gear = gear+1rpm = 0.5*rpm
autoShift (int rpm)
if (rpm > 1000)
gear = gear+1
rpm = 0.5*rpm
if (rpm < 700)
gear=0
return
rpm > 1000
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
return gear=0return
TrueFalse
rpm < 700rpm < 700
5
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
paths ≃ 2 program size
>5,000,000 lines of code1 (LOC) ⇒ ~2500,000 paths
1 Black Duck Software, Inc. Mozilla Firefox Code Analysis, http://www.ohloh.net/p/firefox/analyses/latest
Can we test 2 500,000 paths?• 30 picoseconds/test ⇒ 2
499,968 years to finish• planet Earth is ~2 32 years old
• 1 bit/test ⇒ 2 499,957 Terabytes to store the answer
• Universe contains ~2 266 atoms in total
6
Software Testing
George Candea
2/3 profile viewof instructor
Principles of Computer Systems
• Testing• most basic form of software verification
• naive approach does not offer a lot of confidence
• Correct by construction ?• mathematical view of software engineering
• Proofs of correctness ?• write code and prove it correct before running it
7
The Complexity Challenge
Prof. George CandeaSchool of Computer & Communication Sciences
System Verification
George Candea
2/3 profile viewof instructor
Principles of Computer Systems
• Testing• most basic form of software verification
• naive approach does not offer a lot of confidence
• Human proofs• mathematical view of software engineering
• write code and prove it correct before using it
• Machine proofs• do the same as human proofs, but using a computer
• key element is to automatically prove correctness
2
Software Verification
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
program: 7 LOCproof: by hand
Human proof
LOC
void bubbleSort( int array[], int length )
{
for (int x=0; x<n; x++) {
for (int y=0; y<n-1; y++) {
if (array[y]>array[y+1]) {
int temp = array[y+1];
array[y+1] = array[y];
array[y] = temp;
}
}
}
}
3
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
program: 24 LOCproof: 626 steps 30 human-provided lemmasmachine-generated proof1
Theorem prover
program: 7 LOCproof: by hand
1 J-C Filliatre and N. Magaud, Certification of Sorting Algorithms in the Coq System, in “Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics: Emerging Trends” (1999)
LOC
void heapSort( int numbers[], int arraySize ) { int i, temp; for (i = (arraySize / 2); i >= 0; i--) { siftDown(numbers, i, array_size - 1); } for (i = arraySize-1; i >= 1; i--) { temp = numbers[0]; numbers[0] = numbers[i]; numbers[i] = temp; siftDown(numbers, 0, i-1); }} void siftDown( int numbers[], int root, int bottom ) { int maxChild = root * 2 + 1; if (maxChild < bottom) { int otherChild = maxChild + 1; if (numbers[otherChild] > numbers[maxChild]) maxChild = otherChild; } else { if (maxChild > bottom) return; } if (numbers[root] >= numbers[maxChild]) return; int temp = numbers[root]; numbers[root] = numbers[maxChild]; numbers[maxChild] = temp; siftDown(numbers, maxChild, bottom);}
4
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
program: 24 LOCproof: 626 steps 30 human-provided lemmasmachine-generated proof
program: 7 LOCproof: by hand
program: 7,500 LOCproof: 200,000 linestime: 20 person-yearsmachine-checkable proof1
seL4
LOC
Proved that C code correctly implements an abstract specification2
Refinement proof
5
2 G. Klein et al., seL4: formal verification of an OS kernel, in SOSP 2009
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
LOC
program: 7,500 LOCproof: 200,000 linestime: 20 person-yearsmachine-checkable proof
7 LOC
(by h
and)
24 LO
C (m
achin
e-ge
nera
ted)
Parts of code free of...
• arithmetic overflows
• out-of-bounds array accesses
• invalid pointer arithmetic
• assertion violations
program: ~100,000 LOCproof size: ???low-level propertiesassisted machine-generated1
Abstract interpretation
1 J, Souyris and D. Delmas, Experimental Assessment of Astrée on Safety-Critical Avionics Software. Proc. Int. Conf. on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security (2007)
6
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
LOC
7,500
LOC
(mac
hine-
chec
kable
)
~100
,000 L
OC (lo
w-lev
el pr
oper
ties)
> 5,000,000 LOC> 120 shared libraries
~ 50,000,000 LOC C, C++, C#, assembly, ...
7 LOC
(by h
and)
24 LO
C (m
achin
e-ge
nera
ted)
7
George Candea
Front viewof instructor
Principles of Computer Systems
System Verification
8
• System complexity grows fast• typically at least exponential in number of branches
• Cannot rely only on testing and proofs• we also need design principles and discipline
• Key ideas for managing complexity• modularity, abstraction, layering, etc.
Prof. George CandeaSchool of Computer & Communication Sciences
Sources of Complexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
From
The
CHA
OS
Repo
rts, T
he S
tand
ish
Gro
up In
tern
atio
nal,
1994
- 20
09
2
Software Projects Success Rate = f (Budget)
Success Rate
Budget
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Many Requirements ⇒ Complexity
3
Number ofrequirements
Subjectivecomplexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Many Requirements ⇒ Complexity
3
Number ofrequirements
Subjectivecomplexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Quest for Efficiency ⇒ Complexity
4
Desired efficiency
Complexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Quest for Efficiency ⇒ Complexity
4
Desired efficiency
Complexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Quest for Efficiency ⇒ Complexity
4
Desired efficiency
Complexity
Buffer cache
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Quest for Efficiency ⇒ Complexity
4
Desired efficiency
Complexity
Buffer cacheWriteback buffer cache
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Quest for Efficiency ⇒ Complexity
4
Desired efficiency
Complexity
Buffer cacheWriteback buffer cache
fsync()
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
System Evolution ⇒ Complexity
• Changes in requirements• same system design, different environments
• users want new things, but replacing the system is costly
• Changes to address these = Evolution• changes introduce complexity
5
Systemlifetime
Complexity
George Candea Principles of Computer Systems
Legacy Systems = Complex Systems
6
• Evolution• is a process of satisfying new requirements
• successful systems evolve fast
Android codebase size(in millions of lines, over its first 4 years)
5.0
2.5
02009 2010 2011 2012
George Candea
2/3 profile viewof instructor
Principles of Computer Systems
Sources of Complexity
• Exponential path/state explosion
• Large number of requirements
• Quest for high efficiency
• System evolution
7
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