why should i listen to you? by will rifkin, phd
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Why should I listen to you?
How we decide whom to regard
as an expert
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Will Rifkin, PhDDirector, Science Communication Program
University of New South Wales
Sydney, Australia
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Why should I listen to you?
1. Your questions
2. Explanation -- expert status
3. Illustration
4. Implications for your work
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Your Questions
What questions do you have
about this topic?
Chat with neighbour for1 minute
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What are your questions?
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R
e-FrameExpert-nonexpert communication
is not about misunderstanding.
It is about allocation of responsibility
see Hughes essay
Mistakes at Work
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Latin/GreekRoots
Expert
Experiment
Experience
Ex = former, without
Per =peril
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Latin/Greek
Roots
Ex pert =
Can help us to
proceed without peril.
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To avoid peril
We choose a voice ofauthority
An Expert
At least, someone whoappears to be one
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You know the situation
Listen to complexcomplex technical language
Follow some words, but not others
Hesitate to ask
??????????
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Problem is
Not lack ofunderstanding, but
h e s i t a t i o n h e s i t a t i o n !
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You could--
Gain understanding
By asking questions
But, you do not ask
Why not?
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Defer to Expert
We let experts control conversations
?
Blah, blah,blah, blah
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Defer to Expert
Breakdown: due to barrierbarriercreated
?
Blah, blah,blah, blah
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Think about it
Talk with your neighbour
Who is your favourite expert?
Who is an expert you dislike?
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Your experts
Favourite experts?
Disliked experts?
What you like: +
What you dislike: --
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Communications 2 parts
1. Information
1. Relationship
Twisted together Cannot be separated!
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Gary Larson Cartoon
Top panel -- What owner says
Bad dog, Ginger! Should not be in garbage!
Bottom panel -- What dog hears
Blah, blah, blah, Ginger! Blah, blah, blah.
Dog is happy
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Relationship can influence
Expert knowledge and ability
become less relevant
Expert status predominates --
Authorityover conversation
we give to someone who
sounds good.
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Selecting experts
How can we tell
who has the relevantknowledge, skill, ...
when we know less
than they do?
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In Conversations
Yet, every day
we pick up signals & guess / infer
who reallyknows what
they are talking about.
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Illustration
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Example in one sentence
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
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Example
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
sounds
scientific
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Example
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
geographical
mathematical
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Example
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
narrow
specialty
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Example
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
good
scientific
word
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Example
Groundwater, in general
follows the topography
in this hydrogeological regime.
groundwater
test welltest well
waste pond with leak
1
2 3
4 5
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Example
5signals
of speakers identity
in just
1 sentence
!!!!!
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Meaning includes past & future
1. What someone recognises (past)
referentialreferentialmeaning
relevance to what they already know
2. What they expect (future)
inferentialinferentialmeaning
relevance to what they value
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The technical CommunicatorThe Grid
Combine
info / actor / context
with
referential / inferential
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The Grid
For example
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Re-framing
Breakdown in communication is
not due to lack of understanding
of science.
It is due to misalignment,
difference in focus . . .
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Which focus wins?
Who controls the conversation.
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How is Expert Status
Relevant to You?
Talk to person next to you
Offer observations or questions
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How is Expert StatusRelevant to You?
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Resources
Google articles by Will Rifkin, PhD
negotiation of expert status
Sociology & linguistics
E. Goffman, D. Tannen, F. Barth, R. McDermott
Concepts social status, negotiated status,negotiation of meaning & identity, pragmatics,
speech act theory, social construction of reality,ethnic groups and boundaries, risk perception
& risk communication, communities of practice,allocation of responsibility,
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Thank you!
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