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ExplorinExploring Datag Data

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Planning Planning a Studya Study

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AnticipatAnticipating ing

PatternsPatterns

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StatisticaStatistical l

InferenceInference

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End Game

Null hypothesis in Null hypothesis in Linear Regression Test Linear Regression Test

using symbols (not using symbols (not words)words)

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What is Ho: What is Ho: ββ11 = 0? = 0?

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One-sample procedures One-sample procedures are applied to a set of are applied to a set of normally distributed normally distributed differences from two differences from two dependent samplesdependent samples

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What is a matched-pair What is a matched-pair t-test?t-test?

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Testing the average Testing the average SAT scores of males vs. SAT scores of males vs. females from a sample females from a sample

of 50 each at OHSof 50 each at OHS

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What is a two-sample t-What is a two-sample t-test for means?test for means?

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A sample of 50 senior A sample of 50 senior female heights were female heights were

tested against the tested against the nationally stated nationally stated average of 5’6”average of 5’6”

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What is a one-sample t-What is a one-sample t-test for mean?test for mean?

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Also known as a test of Also known as a test of homogeneity of homogeneity of

proportionsproportions

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What is a Chi-Squared What is a Chi-Squared Test?Test?

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= 125, = 125, = 10, and x = = 10, and x = 150, then z = ?150, then z = ?

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What is z = 2.5?What is z = 2.5?

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Of this type of Of this type of distribution the distribution the

relationship of mean, relationship of mean, median, and mode is: median, and mode is:

mode > median > mean mode > median > mean

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What is right-skewed What is right-skewed distribution?distribution?

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Data of this kind can be Data of this kind can be displayed using pie displayed using pie

charts, bar charts, or charts, bar charts, or segmented bar chartssegmented bar charts

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What is categorical What is categorical (qualitative) data?(qualitative) data?

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This indicates the This indicates the calculated linear model calculated linear model

is not of good fitis not of good fit

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What is a pattern in the What is a pattern in the residual plot, non-linear residual plot, non-linear trend in scatterplot, or trend in scatterplot, or

very low rvery low r22 value? value?

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This happens when the This happens when the line overestimates the line overestimates the

actual outcomeactual outcome

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What is a negative What is a negative residual?residual?

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Most useful in Most useful in establishing cause-and-establishing cause-and-

effect relationshipseffect relationships

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What is a controlled What is a controlled experiment?experiment?

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Sampling everyone in a Sampling everyone in a classroom from a classroom from a

random selection of random selection of classroomsclassrooms

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What is clustering?What is clustering?

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This is used in This is used in experiments to reduce experiments to reduce

variation from variation from extraneous factors by extraneous factors by

creating similar groupscreating similar groups

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What is blocking?What is blocking?

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These are the three These are the three main components of a main components of a

well-designed well-designed experiment.experiment.

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What is randomization, What is randomization, control, and control, and replication?replication?

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These are the 3 main These are the 3 main types of bias in types of bias in

sampling procedures.sampling procedures.

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What is selection bias, What is selection bias, non-response bias, and non-response bias, and

response bias? response bias?

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E(X) = 8, sE(X) = 8, sxx = 3, = 3,

E(Y) = 20, and sE(Y) = 20, and syy = 4 = 4

What is E(Y – X) What is E(Y – X)

and sand sy-xy-x??

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What is What is E(Y – X) = 20 – 8 = 12E(Y – X) = 20 – 8 = 12

and sand sy-xy-x = = (3(322 + 4 + 422) = 5?) = 5?

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Formula for the mean Formula for the mean value of a discrete value of a discrete random variable xrandom variable x

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What is What is xx = = xxp(x), p(x),

where x is a numerical where x is a numerical outcome and p(x) is the outcome and p(x) is the assigned probability for assigned probability for

that x outcome?that x outcome?

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The Empirical (68-95-The Empirical (68-95-99.7) Rule can only be 99.7) Rule can only be

used when this is known used when this is known about the data.about the data.

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What is a normal What is a normal distribution?distribution?

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These are the 3 These are the 3 outcomes from the outcomes from the

Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution of X-bar and Central of X-bar and Central

Limit Theorem.Limit Theorem.

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What is 1. What is 1. X-barX-bar = = XX

2. 2. X-barX-bar = = XX//nn

3. n must be sufficiently large 3. n must be sufficiently large (generally n (generally n 30) 30)

NO matter the parent population’s NO matter the parent population’s distribution?distribution?

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These are the 3 These are the 3 outcomes from the outcomes from the

Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution of p (proportion) and of p (proportion) and

Central Limit Theorem.Central Limit Theorem.

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What is 1. What is 1. pp = = 2. 2. pp = = (((1-(1-)/n))/n)

3. n must be sufficiently 3. n must be sufficiently large (np large (np 5 and n(1-p) 5 and n(1-p)

5 ) ?5 ) ?

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Under what conditions Under what conditions would it be meaningful would it be meaningful to construct a CI when to construct a CI when the data consist of the the data consist of the

entire populationentire population

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What is never?What is never?

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Rejected null hypothesis Rejected null hypothesis when it was actually when it was actually

truetrue

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What is Type I Error?What is Type I Error?

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Estimated standard Estimated standard deviation of the statisticdeviation of the statistic

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What is standard error What is standard error of a statistic?of a statistic?

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Doing this divides the Doing this divides the confidence interval size confidence interval size

by 1.414by 1.414

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How does doubling the How does doubling the sample size change the sample size change the

CI size?CI size?

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Sample size needed to Sample size needed to obtain a 95% obtain a 95%

confidence with a confidence with a margin of error of 4% margin of error of 4%

for a percentage of for a percentage of votersvoters

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What is 601 voters?What is 601 voters?

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