what is life? powerpoint 파일은 biology (campbell and reece) 에서 고려대학교...

What Is Life?

Powerpoint 파일은 Biology (Campbell and Reece) 에서

고려대학교 생명과학대학 신정섭02-3290-3430

jsshin@korea.ac.krhttp://biotech.korea.ac.kr/lab/jsshin

Order

Evolutionary adaptation

Responseto theenvironment

Reproduction

Growth anddevelopment

Energyprocessing

Regulation

Fig. 1-3

Fig. 1-3a

Order

Fig. 1-3b

Evolutionaryadaptation

Fig. 1-3c

Responseto theenvironment

Fig. 1-3d

Reproduction

Fig. 1-3e

Growth and development

Fig. 1-3f

Energy processing

Fig. 1-3g

Regulation

Fig. 1-4

The biosphere

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Ecosystems

Organs and organ systems

Cells

Cell

Organelles

Atoms

MoleculesTissues

10 µm

1 µm

50 µm

Fig. 1-4c

The biosphere

Fig. 1-4d

Ecosystems

Fig. 1-4e

Communities

Fig. 1-4f

Populations

Fig. 1-4g

Organisms

Fig. 1-4h

Organs andorgan systems

Fig. 1-4i

Tissues50 µm

Fig. 1-4j

Cells

Cell

10 µm

Fig. 1-4k

1 µm

Organelles

Fig. 1-4l

Atoms

Molecules

Fig. 1-5

Sunlight

Ecosystem

Heat

Heat

Cyclingof

chemicalnutrients

Producers(plants and other photosynthetic

organisms)

Chemical energy

Consumers(such as animals)

(a) Wings

(c) Neurons

(b) Bones

Infoldings ofmembrane

Mitochondrion

(d) Mitochondria0.5 µm100 µm

Fig. 1-6

Fig. 1-6a

(a) Wings

Fig. 1-6b

(b) Bones

Fig. 1-6c

(c) Neurons

100 µm

Fig. 1-6d

Infoldings ofmembrane

Mitochondrion

(d) Mitochondria0.5 µm

Theme: Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function

• The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life

• All cells:

– Are enclosed by a membrane

– Use DNA as their genetic information

• The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25 µm

Fig. 1-7

• A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus

• By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

• Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; plants, animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are eukaryotic

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1 µmOrganelles

Nucleus (contains DNA)

Cytoplasm

Membrane

DNA(no nucleus)

Membrane

Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cellFig. 1-8

Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA

• Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• DNA is the substance of genes

• Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

DNA Structure and Function

• Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes

• DNA is inherited by offspring from their parents

• DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

NucleicontainingDNA

Sperm cell

Egg cell

Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents

Embryo’s cells withcopies of inherited DNA

Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents

Fig. 1-9

• Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix

• Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-10

Nucleus DNA

Cell

Nucleotide

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA

• Genes control protein production indirectly

• DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein

• An organism’s genome is its entire set of genetic instructions

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-11

Fig. 1-12Outer membraneand cell surface

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

• Advances in systems biology at the cellular and molecular level depend on

– “High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous amounts of data

– Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data

– Interdisciplinary research teams

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-13a

Excess Dblocks a step

(a) Negative feedback

Negativefeedback

D

D D

D

C

B

A

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 2

Enzyme 3

–

Fig. 1-13b

Excess Zstimulates a step

(b) Positive feedback

Z

Positivefeedback

Enzyme 4

Enzyme 5

Enzyme 6Z

Z

Z

Y

X

W

+

Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Ursus americanus(American black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

The Three Domains of Life

• The three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system

• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea comprise the prokaryotes

• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

KingdomPlantae

Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-15a

(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

Fig. 1-15b

(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

• The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms:

– Plantae

– Fungi

– Animalia

• Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-15c

(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-15d

Protists

Fig. 1-15e

Kingdom Fungi

Fig. 1-15f

Kingdom Plantae

Fig. 1-15g

Kingdom Animalia

Unity in the Diversity of Life

• A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example:

– DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms

– Unity is evident in many features of cell structure

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-17

• Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

• Darwin made two main points:

– Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors

– Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”

• Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-18

Fig. 1-19

• Darwin observed that:

– Individuals in a population have traits that vary

– Many of these traits are heritable (passed from parents to offspring)

– More offspring are produced than survive

– Competition is inevitable

– Species generally suit their environment

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Darwin inferred that:

– Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

– Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

• In other words, the natural environment “selects” for beneficial traits

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-22

COMMONANCESTOR

Warb

ler fin

ch

es

Inse

ct-e

aters

See

d-e

ater Bu

d-e

ate

r

Inse

ct-e

aters

Tree

finc

he

s

Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea

Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca

Sharp-beakedground finch Geospiza difficilis

Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostrisMangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates

Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper

Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus

Large cactusground finchGeospiza conirostris

Cactus ground finchGeospiza scandens

Small ground finchGeospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finchGeospiza fortis

Large ground finchGeospiza magnirostris

Gro

un

d fin

che

s

See

d-e

aters

Cac

tus

-flow

er-

ea

ters

Fig. 1-23