what is epidemiology? the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in...
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What is Epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations.
Source: Mausner and Kramer, Mausner and Bahn Epidemiology- An Introductory Text, 1985.
Child and Adult Asthma PrevalenceUnited States, 1980-2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
Pre
vale
nce
(%)
12-Month
Lifetime• Child
Adult
Source: National Health Interview Survey; CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Current
Asthma Prevalence by SexUnited States, 1980-2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 Year
Pre
vale
nce
(%)
12-Month
Lifetime•
Female
Male
Source: National Health Interview Survey; CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Current
12-Month Asthma Prevalence by RaceUnited States, 1980-1996
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Year
Pre
vale
nce (
%)
Source: National Health Interview Survey; CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Black
White
Asthma Prevalence by Race/EthnicityUnited States, 1997-2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Year
Pre
va
len
ce
(%
)
Lifetime
Attack
Current
▲ Black NH
White NH
Hispanic
Source: National Health Interview Survey; National Center for Health Statistics
14.2
9.1 10
7.1
10.2
02468
10121416
Non
-His
pani
cB
lack
Non
-H
ispa
nicW
hite
His
pani
c
Asi
an
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/ A
lask
aN
ativ
e
Current Asthma Prevalence for Youth by Race/Ethnicity, Ages 5-17, 2005-2007
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Health Data Interactive. www.cdc.gov/nchs/hdi.htm. [July 15, 2009].
10.1% Overall10.1% Overall
Asthma Disparities Among U.S. Children
Low-income populations, minorities, and children living in inner cities experience more ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to asthma than the general population.1
The burden of asthma falls disproportionately on non-Hispanic black, American Indian/Alaskan Native and some Hispanic (i.e., Puerto Rican) populations.2, 3
1Lieu TA et al. Racial/Ethnic Variation in Asthma Status and Management Practices Among Children in Managed Medicaid. Pediatrics 2002; 109:857–865.
2National Center for Health Statistics. Health data for all ages http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_data_for_all_ages.htm.
3Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and National Pharmaceutical Council. Ethnic Disparities in the Burden and Treatment of Asthma. Reston, 2005.
Population Disparities in Asthma Current asthma prevalence is higher
amongchildren than adultsboys than girlswomen than men
Asthma morbidity and mortality is higher amongAfrican Americans than Caucasians
Source: MMWR 2007;56(No. SS-8):1-54
Asthma* Hospital Discharge Rates# by Sex United States: 1980-2006
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, CDC National Center for Health Statistics, * First-listed diagnosis, # Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Year
Rat
e pe
r 10
,000
Males
Females
Adult and Child Asthma Hospital Discharge Rates
United States, 1996-2006
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, CDC National Center for Health Statistics ,* First-listed diagnosis, # Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Year
Rat
e p
er 1
0,00
0
Children
Adults
Asthma Hospital Discharge Rates by Race
United States, 1980-2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 Year
Rat
e pe
r 10
,000
WhiteOther
Black
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, CDC National Center for Health Statistics, * First-listed diagnosis, # Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
Asthma Mortality Rates by Age United States: 1979-2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004 Year
Rat
e pe
r m
illi
on
65 +
Source: Underlying Cause of Death; CDC National Center for Health Statistics* Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
ICD-9ICD-10
35-64
5-9
Asthma Mortality Rates by RaceUnited States: 1979-2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004 Year
Rat
e pe
r m
illi
on
White
Black
Source: Underlying Cause of Death; CDC National Center for Health Statistics* Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
ICD-9 ICD-10
Other
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