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What do we know about adoption?
Clare Menozzi
United Nations Population DivisionPopulation Association of America
New Orleans, 17 April 2008
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
What is an adoption?
Legal act:Creates a tie equivalent to natural filiation
Mutual rights and responsibilities (intestate succession, acquisition of name, acquisition of citizenship)
Permanent
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Historical roots…
Laws of Solon (Athens, 6th century BC)
Institutes of Justinian (Rome, 6th century AD)
Code of Hammurabi (Babylon, 18th century BC)
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
How many adoptions take place each year?
260,000 adoptions per year (based on data for 118 countries)
Relatively rare event2 per 1,000 births12 per 100,000 persons under age 18
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
A few countries account for most adoptions
0 40,000 80,000 120,000
India Italy
Kazakhstan Guatemala
Republic of Korea Canada
BrazilFrance
Spain Germany
United Kingdom Ukraine
Russian Federation China
United States
Number of adoptions
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Adoptions of children under age 18 per 100,000 children under 18
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Domestic adoptions
220,000 per year
85 per cent of all adoptions
Are 50 per cent or more of all adoptions in:• China• Russian Federation • United Kingdom• United States• …
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Domestic adoptions New Zealand
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Domestic adoptions India, Republic of Korea and Sri Lanka
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,400
1989 1993 1997 2001
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
Sri Lanka
Korea
India
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Adoptions by step-parents and relatives
More than half of domestic adoptions are by a step-parent or a relative
• Gambia• Germany• Haiti• New Zealand• …
Adoptions by a step-parent have been declining due to policy changes
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
1988 1993 1998 2003
Adoptions by step-parents Australia
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
Domestic adoptions
Adoptions by step-parents
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Intercountry adoptions Countries of origin
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
South Africa Haiti
Madagascar Belarus Ethiopia
Colombia Kazakhstan
Bulgaria India
Viet Nam Republic of Korea
Ukraine Guatemala
Russian Federation China
Number of adoptions
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Major countries of origin of intercountry adoption
1980-1989 1998-2006Republic of Korea China India Russian Federation Colombia Guatemala Brazil Ukraine Sri Lanka Republic of Korea Chile Viet Nam Philippines India Guatemala Bulgaria Peru Kazakhstan El Salvador Colombia
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1994 1997 2000 2003
Intercountry adoptions from Romania
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Major countries of origin
0 2,000 4,000 6,000
MadagascarBrazil
ThailandBulgaria
HaitiEthiopia
Colombia
CambodiaKazakhstanGuatemala
KoreaRussiaChina
Northern America West European countries
Number of adoptions
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Intercountry adoptions Countries of destination
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
IrelandAustralia Belgium
Singapore Switzerland
Norway Denmark
NetherlandsSweden
Canada Germany
Italy Spain
France United States
Number of adoptions
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Intercountry adoptions France, Spain and Sweden
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns France
Spain
Sweden
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Intercountry adoptions United States
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
Guatemala
China
Korea
Russia
Other
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
0
2
4
6
8
Countries ofdestination
Countries of origin
Domestic adoption Intercountry adoption
Mean age of adopted children (Median value for 16 countries)
Mea
n ag
e (Y
ears
)
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Boys or girls? Singapore
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002
Boys Girls
Num
ber o
f ado
ptio
ns
Domestic adoptions Intercountry adoptions
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Children adopted from abroad by sex Denmark, Ireland and Norway (2003)
Country of origin
Number of adoptions
Percentage of girls
China 502 97Colombia 174 41Ethiopia 76 54India 113 72Korea 123 30Russia 174 43Viet Nam 73 74
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
0 200,000 400,000 600,000
UnitedKingdom
RussianFederation
UnitedStates
Number of children
Adoptable children
Children in care
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Childless persons
Persons with children (biological or adopted)
Step-parents and relatives
Who is adopting?
United Nations Population DivisionUnited Nations Population Division
Improving data on adoption
Countries providing data on Number All adoptions 118Of which
Both domestic and intercountry adoptions 88
Sex of the adopted person 39Age of the adopted person 26Relationship to the adopted person 22Sex of the adoptive parent 5Age of the adoptive parent 4
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