wei yuanyuan nervous system Ⅵ. intellectual function of the brain learning

WEI YUANYUAN

Nervous system Ⅵ

Intellectual function of the brain

Learning

Classification of memory

 Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

short-term memory:seconds-minsIntermediate-term memory:mins-daysLong-term memory:days-years

Transfer of memory

Declarative memory: retention and recall of conscious experiences that can therefore be put into words

Procedural memory: memory for skilled behaviors independent of any conscious understanding

Amnesia

Loss of memory : Hippocampal Lesions

Retrograde amnesia:  refers to inability to recall

memories before onset of amnesia.

Brain Concussions Anterograde amnesia:

 refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage

Alcoholic intoxication

Mechanism of memory

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of the

connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength in response to either use or disuse of transmission over synaptic pathways.

Mechanism of memory

Structure changes at the synapses during memory

Types of memory

Long - term memory Requirement of activation of specific genes that control

protein synthesis Immediate early genes (IEGs)

ELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN

Electric activity of the brain

Electric activity of the brain

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The EEG be recorded with Scalp electrodes through the unopened skull or with electrodes on or in the brain.

Alpha Block: Replacement of the alpha rhythm by an asynchronous, low-voltage beta rhythm when opening the eyes.

Epilepsy Seizures

EEG in some special case

SLEEPAND WAKEFULNESS

Sleep

Time needed for sleep

Types of sleep

Characteristics in slow wave sleep (SWS)

Growth hormone ↑

Characteristics in rapid eye movement sleep (REMs)

EEG and sleep

Basic theory of sleep

Sleep is caused by an active inhibitory process

Sleep and wakefulness cycle

Importance of Sleep

Necessary for survival necessary for nervous systems to work

properly.Growth hormone secretion increase in SWS important for the infants growth and physical

restorative process of adultDuring REM, brain blood flow and protein

synthesis increase, and it is important for the mental development of infants and long-term memory and mental restoration in adults.

Daily sleep requirements decline with age

What Happens if We are Deprived of Sleep

Lack of alertnessFatigueMemory problemsIrritabilityDepressionLack of motivationAccidents

Tips for Getting a Good Night’s Sleep

Avoid caffeine and alcohol after dinnerKeep a routine lifeDon’t nap during the dayDon’t go to bed hungry or right after eatingExerciseStop smoking

Summary

Dominant hemisphereEEGParadoxical sleep