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Weed management in the landscape
Travis Gannon, PhD
12-9-11
www.turffiles.ncsu.edu
www.TurfFiles.ncsu.edu
Travis Gannon
919.513.4655
Travis_gannon@ncsu.edu
TurfFiles
www.TurfFiles.ncsu.edu
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•Weeds
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What is a Weed?
A plant growing where it is not wanted
66
The Nature of Weeds
• Opportunistic plants
• Adapted to “niches” within the environment
• Herbicides can eliminate the weed, but not the
environmental conditions that provided an
“opportunity” for that weed
A paradigm shift
weed control weed management
Weed Management
• Herbicides are effective means of control
• However . . .
– Elimination of the weed does not eliminate the
environmental condition that creates a competitive
advantage
– How heterogeneous are turfgrass environments?
– Current management practices assume
homogeneity
• Plant Competition:
– Light – most plants compete for this
– Nutrients
– H2O
– CO2
Weeds vs. Turf
Why Do We Have
Weed Problems? 1. Turfgrasses are non-native plants
2. Monocultures
3. Lack of sanitation
4. Cosmetic standards
Why Do We Have
Weed Problems?
• Turfgrasses are not native (depending on
where you are of course):
Growing non-native vegetation is always
difficult
Why Do We Have
Weed Problems?
• Ecology 101:
Natural Succession: Long term transition
of vegetation types to a condition of
stability.
Why Do We Have
Weed Problems?
• Monocultures – growth of a single
species
Monocultures tend to be man-made. In
turf, we force mother natures hand to
compete against us.
Why Do We Have
Weed Problems?
• Lack of Sanitation and Natural Movement
– People (shoes) and equipment (mowers, sprayers, tillage implements) movement from site to site spread weed seeds, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, etc. Animals, wind and rain also spread weeds.
Inspect sod prior to purchase
Many problematic weeds are introduced
on container grown ornamentals
Perennial Ryegrass
(Lolium perenne)
Effect of Mowing Height on Large Crabgrass
Incidence
• 3.5 lbs Crabgrass/1000ft2 on March 7,
2007
• Mowing Heights initiated when soil
temperatures reached 55°F – Mowed
every 4 days thereafter
0.5” 1.0”
1.5” 2.0”
79
74
31
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% C
ra
bg
ra
ss
1.0" 2.0" 3.0" 4.0"
Mowing Height
Effect of Mowing Height on Crabgrass
Incidence in Tall fescue
Data Collected: 09-13-07, LSD (P=0.05), Sandhills Research Station, Sodman 90/10
(mixture w/ bluegrass)
a a
b
c
3” 4”
1” 2”
1” 2”
3” 4”
1”
Imprelis Herbicide developed by DuPont for selective weed
control in turf
Industrial vegetation management
Range and pasture
Specialty crops – rice, fruit, sugarcane
Row crop – corn, burndown
Labeled – mid-2010
Introduction
Objective #2: Determine the effect of simulated herbicide
drift into non-target areas.
• Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) • Recently registered synthetic auxin herbicide
• Thought to possess more favorable environmental profile
• Highly active compound
• Widely used in cool-season turf
• Limited e-fate and off-target research available
Objective #2: Determine the effect of simulated herbicide
drift into non-target areas.
• Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) • Recently registered synthetic auxin herbicide
• Thought to possess more favorable environmental profile
• Highly active compound
• Widely used in cool-season turf
• Limited e-fate and off-target research available
Implications
• x
Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.) Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.)
Dow Agro
Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.) Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.)
Other new products or
revised labels
• Bleacher
• Turf Safety:
– Ky. Bluegrass and centipedegrass most tolerant
– Tall fescue moderately tolerant
– Ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, & fine fescue
have “tolerable” registration.
– Bentgrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass - low
tolerance,
– Turf injury increases with heat & drought.
• Rates: 4 to 8 oz/a (0.125 to 0.25 lb ai/a, 0.14
to 0.28 kg ai/ha) twice 2 to 3 weeks apart.
• Golf, sod, residential and commercial
properties,
Tenacity
• A new chemical class – Triketones
• Active ingredient – 40% Mesotrione
• Formulation – 4SC
• Signal word – Caution
• For Use by Professional Applicators
• Do not enter treated areas until spray has dried
34 Dicot and 11 Monocot Species on
Tenacity Label Including:
• Crabgrass spp.
• Goosegrass
• Nimblewill
• Bentgrass
• Oxalis
• Buckhorn plantain
• Clover spp.
• Speedwell
• Lawn burweed
• Dandelion spp.
• Canada thistle
• Yellow nutsedge
• Yellow foxtail
• Ground Ivy
This list will expand as research and commercial use find new species.
Tall Fescue
KY Bluegrass
Perennial Ryegrass
Centipedegrass
St Augustinegrass
Turfgrass Tolerance to Tenacity
Smooth and large Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.)
Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi)
BASF
Drive XLR8: Better control of 4 to 8 tillered crabgrass?
Use on tall fescue, zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, Ky.
bluegrass, seashore paspalum, ryegrass and
bentgrass fairways with good soil moisture conditions
Controls crabgrass, signalgrass, foxtail, clover, dandelion,
corn speedwell (no goosegrass control!)
Apply before 2nd tiller or to mature grasses (2 to 4 tillers not
recommended)
Rate: 0.5 gallon/A + 1.5 pt/A MSO for Drive XLR8 1.5SL
1 lb/A + 1.5 pt/A MSO for Drive 75DF
Q4 1.54L PBI-Gordon
Quinclorac + Sulfentrazone + 2,4-D amine + Dicamba
Cool season turf only
Rate: 7 to 8 pt/A on crab, signalgrass, foxtail, broadleaves
Apply to seedlings after 2nd or 3rd mowing or 28 days after
emergence
Spray 3 to 4 weeks after sodding, sprigging or plugging
Can seed 4 weeks after application
• Manufactured by:
– PBI/Gordon
• Active ingredients:
– Quinclorac (8.43%)
– Sulfentrazone (0.69%)
– 2,4-D (11.81%)
– Dicamba, (1.49%)
• Postemergent activity
• EPA reg. no. 2217-930
• Mode of action:
– Synthetic auxin/cellulose inhibitor
– PPO/Protox inhibitor
– Synthetic auxin
– Synthetic auxin
Q4 Plus
• Tolerant turf species
– Perennial ryegrass
– Kentucky bluegrass
– Annual bluegrass
− Rough bluegrass
− Fescue species
− Do not apply to solid fine fescue stand
Q4 Plus usage rates and sites
• Cool-season turf
– 7-8 pints/Acre
• May discolor fine fescue
• Bermudagrass
– 5-7 pints/Acre
• May discolor common
and hybrids
• Where to use
– Residential areas
– Recreational areas
– Golf courses
– Streets
– Athletic fields
– Right-of-ways
– Sod production
Q4 Plus
• Turf weeds controlled • Barnyardgrass
• Large crabgrass
• Smooth crabgrass
• Spurge
• Dollarweed
• Foxtails
•Mock-strawberry
•Henbit
•Yellow woodsorrel
•Purslane
•Carpetweed
•White clover
•Wild violet
•Ground ivy
•Common
chickweed
•Buckhorn plantain
•Broadleaf plantain
T-Zone 2.5L Triclopyr (8.4%) + sulfentrazone (0.73%) + 2,4-D (32%) + dicamba (2.4%)
•PBI/Gordon Corporation,
•Controls many tough weeds such as
Wild Violets,
Yellow Nutsedge suppression
Ground Ivy,
Oxalis
Black Medic
•All cool-season turfgrasses,
•Bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, &
bahiagrass.
Sulfentrazone + Quinclorac (75WG)
25% + 50%
FMC
Tolerant to bermudagrass, centipedegrass, zoysiagrass,
seashore paspalum, as well as tall fescue, Ky. bluegrass
and perennial ryegrass
Rate: 1 to 2 lb/A with no spray adjuvant needed
After treatment, wait 1 month to reseed, overseed or sprig
Establish sod for 3 months and wait 3 month before harvest
Controls crabgrass, 1-4 lf goosegrass, foxtail, yellow
nutsedge, kyllinga species and broadleaf weeds
Some pre activity
• Carfentrazone (3.9%) + Quinclorac (66.1%)
• 70WDG
• FMC Corp.,
• Residential, commercial lawns, athletic fields, sod farms
golf course fairways and roughs,
• Warm-season turf except St. Augustinegrass @ 12 to 18
oz/acre,
• Most cool-season turfgrasses at 8 to 12 oz/acre,
• Controls broadleaves, yellow nutsedge, crabgrass,
foxtail + others.
• Can be applied 1 day prior or 7 days after seeding.
• Metsulfuron (6%) + Sulfentrazone (60%) – 66WDG
• FMC Corp.,
• Residential, commercial lawns, athletic fields, sod farms
golf course fairways and roughs,
• Bermuda, zoysia, centipede, St. Augustine @ 6.5 to 10
oz/acre,
• Kentucky bluegrass & tall fescue at 3.25 to 6.5 oz/acre,
• Controls many broadleaves, wild garlic, yellow nutsedge,
sedge and kyllinga species, foxtail + others.
• Wait 1 month after applying to reseed or sprig and wait 6
to 8 weeks to overseed perennial ryegrass ; wait 3
months for sod establishment before applying
4-Speed 3L 2,4-D (38%) + MCPP (6.3%) + dicamba (2.5%) + pyraflufen (0.06%)
•Nufarm,
•Pyraflufen-ethyl = Octane
•Controls broadleaf weeds:
•Dandelion, Buckhorn plantain, Oxalis, Chickweed,
White clover + others.
•Golf course, cemeteries, parks, sports fields, lawns, sod,
others,
•Bahia, bluegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, ryegrass, and
zoysiagrass = 3 to 4 pts/acre,
•Bentgrass = 1.8 pts/acre.
4-Speed XT 2.9L 2,4-D (42%) + triclopyr (4.8%) + dicamba (3.5%) + pyraflufen (0.07%)
•Nufarm,
•Pyraflufen-ethyl = Octane
•Controls broadleaf weeds:
•Wild violets, Ground Ivy, Dandelion, Oxalis, Chickweed,
White clover + others.
•Golf course, cemeteries, parks, sports fields, lawns, sod,
others,
•Bahia, bluegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, ryegrass, and
zoysiagrass = 3 to 4 pts/acre,
•Bentgrass = 1.8 pts/acre,
expect slight yellowing for
about 1 week.
ProSedge
• Manage, Sedgehammer
• Manufactured by:
– Nufarm
• Active ingredient:
– Halosulfuron (75%)
• Mode of action
– Acetolactate synthase
(ALS) inhibitor
• Postemergent activity
• EPA reg. no. 228-702
Tolerant turf species
• Cool-season grasses
– Creeping bentgrass
– Kentucky bluegrass
– Fine fescue
– Tall fescue
– Perennial ryegrass
• Warm-season grasses
– Bahiagrass
– Bermudagrass
– Centipedegrass
– Seashore paspalum
– St. Augustinegrass
– Zoysiagrass
– Kikuyugrass
ProSedge
• Weed activity
– Control
• Yellow nutsedge
• Purple nutsedge
– Growth suppression
• Kyllinga
• Where to use
– Commercial and
residential turf
– Golf courses
– Roadsides
– Athletic fields
– Sod/Seed production
– Public recreational
areas
Usage specifications
and precautions • Usage rates
– 0.67–1.33 ounces product/Acre = 0.5-1.0 ounce a.i./Acre
• Include a non-ionic surfactant (0.25-0.5% v/v) for broadcast
applications
– A sequential application may be necessary 6-10 weeks for
control of mature sedge species
• Precautions – Do not apply to golf course putting greens
– Two day mowing buffer pre- and post application
– Four hour rainfree period following application
– Two week annual and perennial ryegrass overseeding buffer
Annual bluegrass control
Amicarbazone - 70% WDG Herbicide developed by Arysta LifeScience Corp.
Field corn, sugarcane
Preplant, PRE, E. POST
Turf registration – expected 2011???
Introduction
Post annual bluegrass control Golf course, seed/sod production, residential, parks,
sportsfields, roadsides
Warm-season tolerant turf:
Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass, seashore paspalum,
St Augustinegrass, zoysiagrass
Cool-season tolerant turf
Bentgrass, KY bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial
ryegrass
Introduction
Apr 24, 2008
Weed identification and control
www.TurfFiles.ncsu.edu
Poa annua L.
Annual Bluegrass
Poa annua L.
Annual Bluegrass
• Monocot
• Winter Annual and Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: ssp. annua is an upright, clump-forming, winter annual; ssp. reptans is a prostrate, clump-forming, perennial
- leaves: light green, folded in the bud, lack auricles, pointed membranous ligule, boat-shaped tip
- seedheads: open, greenish white pyramidal panicle; produced at low heights of cut
Annual bluegrass control
• Many preemergent herbicides are effective – In established turf
• Prograss – certified pesticide applicator
Digitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop.
Smooth Crabgrass
Digitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop.
Smooth Crabgrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: tufted, decumbent, summer annual to 60 cm, spreading
- leaves: few hairs at mouth only, membranous ligule
- seedheads: consist of 3-5 spikes clustered at the top of stems; hairs on spikelets
- root system: fibrous roots, does not root at nodes
Crabgrass control
• Many preemergent herbicides are effective – In established turf
• Acclaim Extra
• Drive or Drive XLR8
• Fusilade
• Solitare
• SquareOne
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Dallisgrass
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Dallisgrass
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a coarse-textured, clump- forming grass plant with thick rhizomes
- leaves: rolled, tall and membranous ligule, auricles absent, margins hairy, collar hairy
- seedheads: divided spike; 3 to 7 spikelets covered in silky soft hairs with heavy black seeds
- root system: fibrous roots and shallow rhizomes
Dallisgrass control
• Glyphosate spot treatments
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Goosegrass
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Goosegrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: erect grass that bends at the nodes, silver crown area
- leaves: folded, membranous, and divided at the center, contains hairs only at the base of the leaf
- seedheads: contain 3-7 spikes, seeds are attached in a zipper appearance on the spike
- root system: fibrous
Goosegrass control
• Many preemergent herbicides are effective – In established turf
• Acclaim Extra
• Fusilade
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Common Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Common Bermudagrass • Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a mat-forming, wiry grass with spreading rhizomes and stolons
- leaves: gray-green to bluish green, rolled in the bud, auricles absent, ligule is a row of hairs, blades are short and narrow
- seedheads: spikes at terminal end of stems
- root system: abundant, flat stolons, rhizomes form a dense turf
Bermudagrass control
• Acclaim Extra – Alone or tank-mixed with Turflon Ester
• Fusilade
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Common Chickweed
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Common Chickweed • Dicot
• Winter Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: dense, patch-forming plant, can produce one or two generations each year
- leaves: light green, sparse hairs, opposite, elliptic to oval, pointed at the apex
- stems: prostrate, branching, smooth
- flowers: white with 5 deeply lobed petals
- fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules
- root system: fibrous and shallow
Cerastium vulgatum L.
Mouseear Chickweed
Cerastium vulgatum L.
Mouseear Chickweed
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: dense, mat-forming plant with hairy stems and leaves
- leaves: opposite, dark green above, elliptic, margins are entire, densely covered with hairs
- stems: 2 rows of dense hairs, root at nodes
- flowers: white, 5 deeply lobed petals
- fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules
- root system: fibrous
Lamium amplexicaule L.
Henbit
Lamium amplexicaule L.
Henbit
• Dicot
• Winter Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: a prostrate stemmed plant branching at the base with whorled leaves
– leaves: rounded to heart-shaped, rounded teeth, palmately veined, upper leaves surround the stem
– stems: square, green to purple, prostrate
– flowers: showy whorls pink to purple in color
– root system: fibrous roots; can root at stem nodes
Trifolium repens L.
White Clover
Trifolium repens L.
White Clover • Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: mat-forming legume with low creeping stolons
– leaves: trifoliate; leaflets are oval shaped with a light green chevron (V-shaped) near the base
– stems: prostrate, root at the nodes
– flowers: white or pink rounded heads
– root system: stolons that root at the nodes
Allium vineale L.
Wild Garlic
Allium vineale L.
Wild Garlic • Monocot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: unbranched, circular, erect leaves emerging from underground bulbs
- leaves: linear, smooth, round, and hollow; have a garlic scent when crushed
- flowering stems: solid, unbranched, smooth, leafless, erect
- flowers: bulblets at the ends of hollow stems that may develop tail-like green leaves
- root system: fibrous roots from underground
bulbs
Oxalis stricta L.
Yellow woodsorrel
Oxalis stricta L.
Yellow woodsorrel
• Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: a low growing herb that spreads by seed and rhizomes
– leaves: trifoliate (three heart-shaped leaflets), have long petioles
– flowers: yellow, arise in clusters, 5 petals
– fruit: cylindrical, pointed, hairy capsules that explosively eject seeds
– root system: rhizomes and fibrous roots
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex
Wiggers
Common dandelion
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex
Wiggers
Common dandelion • Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features: - general structure: yellow flowers borne on
leafless stalks emanating from a basal rosette, milky sap
- leaves: arranged in a basal rosette, margins deeply lobed, lobes point to the base
- flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers
- seedheads: globe-like, grayish white, parachutes
- root system: thick, fleshy taproot that may be branched
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Cat’s ear dandelion
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Cat’s ear dandelion
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Structures :
- general structure: basal rosette of leaves with long, erect, branched stalks, milky sap
- leaves: hairy, irregular to rounded lobes
- stems: tall, branched, mostly leafless
- flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers
- seedheads: globe-like, grayish white parachutes
- root system: thick, long taproot that may be branched
Plantago major
Broadleaf plantain
Plantago major
Broadleaf plantain • Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: perennial from a basal
- leaves: rosette with broad oval leaves smooth or slightly hairy, oval to elliptic, waxy surface, parallel veins, margins sometimes wavy
- flowers: produced on unbranched stalks (scapes) that arise from the rosette
- root system: taproot with fibrous roots
Plantago lanceolata
Buckhorn plantain
Plantago lanceolata
Buckhorn plantain • Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: perennial from a basal rosette with lanceolate leaves
- leaves: smooth or slightly hairy, linear to lanceolate, parallel veins
- seedheads: produced on unbranched stalks (scapes) that arise from the rosette
- root system: taproot with fibrous roots
Annual and perennial broadleaf
weed control
• Coolpower
• Escalade 2
• Horsepower
• Speedzone
• Trimec Classic
• Triplet
• TZone
Sedge characteristics
•Monocots
•Triangular stems
(unlike grasses)
•Stems are solid
•Thrive in wet or
poorly drained soils
Cyperus esculentus L.
Yellow nutsedge
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a grass-like plant with yellowish green foliage
- leaves: narrow, yellow-green, pointed blade tips
- flowers: yellowish to brownish spikelets in clusters
- root system: presence of rhizomes and chestnut/white tubers
Cyperus esculentus L.
Yellow nutsedge
Cyperus rotundus L.
Purple nutsedge
Cyperus rotundus L.
Purple nutsedge • Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: an erect, persistent perennial that may reach 2.5 ft in height
- leaves: wide, dark green, blunt blade tips
- stems: erect, unbranched, 3-angled flowering stems
- flowers: purplish spikelets in clusters
- fruit: purplish brown, three-angled achene
- root system: rhizomes with chains of charcoal tubers
Cyperus compressus L.
Annual sedge
Cyperus compressus L.
Annual sedge • Monocot
• Summer annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: bunch-type growth habit that typically emerges later in summer than other sedges
- seedheads: clusters of flat, green spikes on stalks
- root system: fibrous root system, no tubers
Kyllinga spp.
Kyllinga
Kyllinga spp.
Kyllinga
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: mat-forming perennial sedge that gives off fruity fragrance when cut
- leaves: dark green in color, shiny, taper to a sharp point; no hairs, ridge along midvein
- seedheads: simple single roundish congested head with three bracts below
- root system: red to purple rhizomes
Sedge control
• Dismiss
• Prosedge
• Q4
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