wayfinding cognition & mobile maps for indoor...

Wayfinding Cognition & Mobile Maps for Indoor Settings

Christoph Hölscher

ETH Zürich / Chair of Cognitive Science http://www.cog.ethz.ch/

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

Transregional Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition: Reasoning, Action, Interaction

Seattle Central Public Library Architect: Rem Koolhaas (OMA) & LMN

“...five glass boxes, stacked seemingly haphazardly and wrapped in metal mesh.” (Mattern, 2007)

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Carlson, Hölscher, Dalton & Shipley (2010) Current Directions in Psychological Science

Carlson, Hölscher, Dalton & Shipley (2010) Current Directions in Psychological Science

An analysis of building features

Analyze navigational behavior

Measure strategies and individual differences

Why is SPL so hard to navigate?

l  5 buildings in one, stack of separate buildings

l  difficult to map l  non-alignment of

floorplates adds to disorientation

l  One-way hyperlinks & vertical deadends

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Space Syntax

l  University College London, Hillier & Hanson (1984) l  Translates geometric form into a

network of sightlines and decision points

l  Quantitative prediction of streams of visitors or pedestrians

l  Qualitative diagnosis of disorientation and getting lost ¢  Layouts with high Intelligibility-

score à Wayfinding (Conroy, 2001)

¢  Haq & Zimring (2003): Space Syntax predicts exploration and search patterns in the building

Floor 3: 5th Avenue / Living Room

PeopleWatcher (Dalton, Dalton, Kuhnmünch & Hölscher, 2012)

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Floor plan

Which Floor Path Events

Log/Actions External Aids

Individual differences/strategies

l  Questionnaire on Spatial Reasoning: route / survey style (Pazzaglia & DeBeni, 2001)

l  Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale: competence (Hegarty et al., 2002)

l  Spatial Perspective Taking scale (Assess ability to imagine different orientations and perspectives) (Kozhevnikov & Hegarty, 2001)

l  Mental Rotation Test (Vanderberg & Kuse, 1978)

Wayfinding tasks: Destinations

Easy (space analysis)

Hard (space analysis)

Within Floors

Restroom

Sherlock Holmes

Across Floors

Non-Fiction DVDs

Meeting room

Wayfinding tasks: Correlating performance scores between tasks

Easy (space analysis)

Hard (space analysis)

Within Floors

Restroom

Sherlock Holmes

Across Floors

Non-Fiction DVDs

Meeting Room

Sign Use r-values +.3/+.4

Tasks tap aspects of navigation that differ across individuals:

No overall classification of good/bad navigators

Task Features & Goals

Role of Digital Navigation Aids?

Person

Spatial & Non-Spatial Aspects

Map Schematization (Meilinger, Hölscher, Büchner & Brösamle, 2007)

Floor plan Ambiguous schematic maps Unambiguous schematic map

Mobile Map vs. Paper Map (Willis, Hölscher, Wilbertz & Li, 2009)

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Mobile Map vs. Paper Map (Willis, Hölscher, Wilbertz & Li, 2009)

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Victoria & Albert Museum, London

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Victoria & Albert Museum, London

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Victoria & Albert Museum, London

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l  Device interaction l  Navigation success l  Impact on spatial learning l  User experience

Capturing user, device and environment characteristics

l  Environmental features l  Spatial analysis (Space Syntax) l  Comparison across building types and cultural setting (US vs. Europe)

l  Behavioral measures l  Exploration, search, memory tests & device interaction patterns l  Triangulation of data sources (Logs, PeopleWatcher, verbal reports) l  Coping with technical limitations, reliance on device accuracy

l  Post-tests l  Spatial abilities l  Navigation strategies & Device interaction strategies l  User Experience of building and device interaction

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Summary

l  Context of device use l  User characteristics l  Environmental properties l  Primary and secondary tasks

l  Borrow from established disciplines l  Environmental & Architectural Psychology l  Human Geography / GIS, Computer Science, Cognitive Science

l  Challenges in the real world l  Technical reliability l  Legal and institutional concerns, privacy

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Thank you!

l  Project Team: l  Daniel R Montello UC Santa Barbara l  Verena Schnitzler University of Freiburg

l  Funding by Google Inc l  Sponsor & Liaison: Jens Riegelsberger

l  Get in touch l  http://www.cog.ethz.ch/ l  choelsch@ethz.cz

l  A specific thank you to Amy Shelton (Johns Hopkins) and Laura Carlson (Notre Dame) who spearhead the efforts on studying the Seattle Public Library.