water tank

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WATER TANKS

Bro Sr Azrin bin Mohd DinOctober 2014

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Water Tanks

• container for storing water• the need is as old as civilisation• storage of water for

– drinking water, – irrigation agriculture, – fire suppression, – agricultural farming, – both for plants and livestock, – manufacturing, – food preparation – many other applications

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Water Tanks -History

• Material - wood, ceramic and stone• Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze

Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India

• prominent in hydraulic engineering• had many water supply and sanitation devices

that were the first of their kind

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Water Tanks -History

• Mohenjo-daro is one of the best excavated and studied settlements from this civilization

• The Great Bath might be the first of its kind in pre-historic period

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Water Tanks -History

• This ancient town had more than 700 wells• Most houses had one private well

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• Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India, had a series of water storing tanks and step wells, and its water management system has been called "unique“

• completely built out of stone

Water Tanks -History

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• storing the fresh water brought by rains• to store the water diverted from two nearby

rivulets• advantage of the slope of the ground within

the large settlement, drop of 13 m from northeast to northwest

• cut through stones vertically

Water Tanks -History

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Water Tanks -History

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Water Tanks

• three kinds of water tanks, resting – on ground

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Water Tanks

• three kinds of water tanks, resting – underground

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Water Tanks

• three kinds of water tanks, resting – elevated

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Water Tanks

How a water tower works:1. Pump station2. Reservoir3. Water user

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Water Tanks

• reservoir in the tower may be – spherical, – cylindrical, or – an ellipsoid

Tri-axial ellipsoid with distinct semi-axis lengths c>b>a

Water tower in Rochester, Minnesota painted as an ear of corn

Water Tower in Gyöngyös Hungary

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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),

Water Tanks - material

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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),

Water Tanks - material

IN THE Budget 2013, a sum of RM 100 million is allocated to Sabah and Sarawak to supply 40,000 plastic water tanks for the rural districts to harvest the rain water. This works out to be RM2,500 per tank.

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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),

Water Tanks - material

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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), – light, – variety of colours and – long serviceable life– material is made from petrochemicals– take generations to break down and – will release toxins as it does so– easily recycled after 15 years

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass, – composite material made of a plastic matrix

reinforced by glass fibre, woven into a mat– watertight– strong lightweight material– its raw materials are much cheaper– readily moulded into complex shapes– resistant to UV exposure and weather elements– thicker and more durable than plastic– storage in extended depths– easy Installation

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass, – tend to allow more light in than other types of

tank materials, this can encourage the growth of algae

– brittle, leaving it prone to cracks

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass

Water Tanks - material

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• Fiberglass– typical storage tank has

• an inlet, • an outlet, • a vent, • an access port, • a drain, and • an overflow nozzle• access ladder• level gauges

– size of FRP Vessels is rarely limited by manufacturing technology, but rather by economics

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass

Water Tanks - material

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• fiberglass

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Advantages• Easily adaptable to different shapes & architectural

treatments• Many contractors have the capability to place

reinforced concrete• Durability• Proven track record of over 100 years

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Disadvantages• Owner preferences may dictate against using

reinforced concrete• Cost considerations due to quantity of materials

required• Construction detailing• Cracking & durability

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Design consideration• Seismic loads• Floatation• Abnormal pressure loads• Retaining elements• Influence of adjacent / superimposed structures• Integration into existing facilities• Security (Access & Defensive)• Construction details• Lining systems (waterproofing)

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– design working life of waterworks structures shall

be 50 years – dense impermeable concrete is required– compaction by vibration is essential– permeability of the thoroughly compacted

concrete is dependent on water cement ratio• increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, • while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult

to compact

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– causes of leakage in concrete are • defects such as segregation and • honey combing

– joints should be made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • a movement joint with

deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete on either side of the joint• purpose of this joint is

to accommodate contraction of the concrete.

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • either complete contraction joint or • partial contraction joint• complete contraction joint is - both steel and concrete

are interrupted

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • partial contraction

joint - only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Expansion Joint.

• a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete

• to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure

• initial gap between the adjoining parts of a structure - closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete• Sliding Joint. – a joint with complete

discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete

– special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint

– provided between wall and floor in some tank designs

Water Tanks - material

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• Concrete– Construction Joint. • provided for convenience in construction• achieve subsequent continuity without relative

movement• one application of these joints is between successive

lifts in a reservoir wall.

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– ensure the water tightness, preventing• flow of water from inside the structure to outside, and • infiltration of water from the surrounding soil into the

structure• watertight concrete is achieved by a combination of

– selective materials,– good workmanship and – full attention to details

– prevent passage of water under hydrostatic pressure

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– base concrete laid, avoid cracks and leakages• Movements due to

– shrinkage and creep– variation of temperature and humidity– dissipation of heat generated by the concrete in the process

of hydration– Damage to the concrete by the percolation of chemically

aggressive liquids from outside– Damage due to uneven settlement of foundations– Cracking of concrete caused by rusting of bars– Hydrostatic uplift force

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four

categories:• Capillary Waterproofing• Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing• Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings• Sheet Membranes

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four

categories:• Capillary Waterproofing

– Soluble salts react with water and forms crystals which blocks the voids to prevent any moisture migration.

– fills voids in concrete to resist water penetration and vapour permeable.

– major drawback it cannot survive any cracks

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four

categories:• Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing

– two-component system, which is a brush-applied and film-forming system.

– it can survive minor cracks. – mostly used when protection systems, especially tiles, are

applied directly with thin bed application

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four

categories:• Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings

– Liquid polysulphide polymers blended with coal tar, but nowadays, acrylic is very commonly available.

– requires experienced applicators to have a controlled application

Water Tanks - material

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• Waterproofing– types of

waterproofing classified under four categories:• Sheet Membranes

Water Tanks - material

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• stone,

Water Tanks - material

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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – pressed steel sectional rectangular tank is a

versatile bulk storage container of water– sectional construction concept consists of bolting

up together mass produced tank panels (either 1.22m or 1.0m square) into tanks of various sizes and capacities.

Water Tanks - material

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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),

Water Tanks - material

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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),

Water Tanks - material

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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – Mild Steel Panels – Stainless Steel Panels– individual panel

hydraulically pressed with a combined double flange at an angle of 450 and 900 to the face of the panel on all 4 sides

Water Tanks - material

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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – mild steel panel• Bitumen painted, • hot-dipped galvanized, • epoxy or polyester,• powder coated

– internal lining of completed tank• High-density polyethylene

(HDPE)• Fibre glass

Water Tanks - material

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• should do no harm to the water• Water is susceptible to a number of ambient

negative influences, including – bacteria, – viruses,– algae, – changes in pH, – accumulation of minerals, and– accumulated gas

Water Tanks - design