water, people and the media
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PeopleMediaBajinder Pal Singh
bajinder@hotmail.comPresented at seminar “Water Crisis and Role of Media in People’s Movement-organised by the local chapter of the Indian Media Centre at ICSSR Complex, Panjab University (PU), on 14 June 2009.
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume?Consume?
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
Courtesy: R K Laxman’s common man
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 50 litre
= 1 litre
= 30 litre
= 100 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
= 20 min
= 15 min
= 10 min
= 30 min
= 20 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 50 litre
= 1 litre
= 30 litre
= 100 litre
= 226.5 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
= 20 min
= 15 min
= 10 min
= 30 min
= 20 min
= 100 min
An early morning in our lifeAn early morning in our life
= 0.5 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 15 litre
= 50 litre
= 1 litre
= 30 litre
= 100 litre
= 226.5 litre
= 5 min
= 15 min
= 5 min
= 20 min
= 15 min
= 10 min
= 30 min
= 20 min
= 100 min
6 Posers 6 Posers
POSER 1: How much water do you consume?POSER 1: How much water do you consume?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume?Consume?
Drink?Drink?
How much water do you drink How much water do you drink every day?every day?
Thirst : a painting by William Bouguereau
2 LITRES ?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
How much water do you eat?How much water do you eat?
From Real Water…From Real Water…
Real Water
……to Virtual Waterto Virtual Water
Real Water
From Real Water to Virtual WaterFrom Real Water to Virtual Water
Real Water
Once crop is harvested the water changesOnce crop is harvested the water changes
Virtual Water
Source: http://fao.org/nr/waterSource: http://fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
How much water is….How much water is….
Source: Water unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/nr/water
Virtual WaterVirtual WaterVirtual water is the amount of water
that is embedded in food or other products needed for its production.
For example, to produce one kilogram of wheat we need about 1,000 litres of water, i.e. the virtual water of this kilogram of wheat is 1,000 litres. : World Water Council
Virtual WaterVirtual WaterAlso known as •Embedded water•Hidden water•Embodied water
Crown Princess Victoria presented the Stockholm Water Prize to John Anthony Allan for his “virtual water" concept. Date: 2008-08-29 Source: http://www.royalcourt.se/royalcourt/theroyalfamily/latestnews/2008/2008archive/crownprincesspresentsstockholmwaterprize.5.30963a1811be3fda3ab80001644.html
Calculation virtual waterCalculation virtual water
Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce wheat than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......
Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......
MM33 /ton /ton IndiaIndia
WheatWheat 16541654
Rice Rice PaddyPaddy
28502850
CottonCotton
SeedSeed
82648264
Coffee Coffee (green)(green)
1218012180
Chicken Chicken MeatMeat
77367736Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004
Calculating virtual waterCalculating virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......
MM33 /ton /ton USAUSA ChinaChina IndiaIndia World World
AverageAverage
WheatWheat 849849 690690 16541654 29752975
Rice Rice PaddyPaddy
12751275 13211321 28502850 22912291
CottonCotton
SeedSeed
25352535 14191419 82648264 36443644
Coffee Coffee (green)(green)
48644864 62906290 1218012180 1737517375
Chicken Chicken MeatMeat
23892389 36523652 77367736 39183918Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004
Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual waterIndia may require more water to produce than the USBecause of heat, climate, soil......
MM33 /ton /ton USAUSA ChinaChina IndiaIndia World World
AverageAverage
WheatWheat 849849 690690 16541654 29752975
Rice Rice PaddyPaddy
12751275 13211321 28502850 22912291
CottonCotton
SeedSeed
25352535 14191419 82648264 36443644
Coffee Coffee (green)(green)
48644864 62906290 1218012180 1737517375
Chicken Chicken MeatMeat
23892389 36523652 77367736 39183918Source: UNESCO – Institute of Water EducationWater footprints of nations Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
Export ?Export ?
Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual water
Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual water
India
Pakistan
Implications of virtual waterImplications of virtual water
India
Pakistan
1 kg wheat
Virtual water tradeVirtual water trade
India
Pakistan
1 kg wheat = 1654 litres
Global Virtual Water TradeGlobal Virtual Water Trade
Change in export policy?Change in export policy?
Water-scarce Water-scarce countries like Israel countries like Israel discourage the export discourage the export of oranges (relatively of oranges (relatively heavy water guzzlers) heavy water guzzlers) precisely to prevent precisely to prevent large quantities of large quantities of water being exported water being exported to different parts of to different parts of the worldthe world
Reverse drain?Reverse drain?
““Research shows that certain Research shows that certain states in water-deficit North states in water-deficit North Western India send surplus grain Western India send surplus grain to meet the deficit of water-to meet the deficit of water-abundant states”:abundant states”:
International Water Management International Water Management Institute (IWMI)Institute (IWMI)
Source: p4. Water Figures . Quaterly Newsletter of IWMI. Source: p4. Water Figures . Quaterly Newsletter of IWMI. ISSUE 1 2009
Virtual Water exportersVirtual Water exporters
StateState Virtual Water ExportVirtual Water Export
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Source: Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) ' The water footprint of India '
Virtual Water exportersVirtual Water exporters
StateState Virtual Water ExportVirtual Water Export
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Source: Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) ' The water footprint of India '
Virtual water exportersVirtual water exporters
StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Source: Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) ' The water footprint of India '
Virtual water exportersVirtual water exporters
StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Virtual Water ImportVirtual Water Import
BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year
Virtual water exportersVirtual water exporters
StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export Per capita Per capita
Water resourcesWater resources(Cubic metre /capita/year )(Cubic metre /capita/year )
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 35543554
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 29922992
HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 21762176
Virtual Water ImportVirtual Water Import
BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 68986898
JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 45804580
OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 87108710
Virtual water exportersVirtual water exporters
StateState Virtual water ExportVirtual water Export Per capita Per capita
Water resourcesWater resources(Cubic metre /capita/year )(Cubic metre /capita/year )
PunjabPunjab 20.9 x 1020.9 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 35543554
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20.8 x 1020.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 29922992
HaryanaHaryana 14.1 x 1014.1 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 21762176
Virtual Water ImportVirtual Water Import
BiharBihar 15.3 x 1015.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 68986898
JharkhandJharkhand 9.3 x 109.3 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 45804580
OrissaOrissa 4.8 x 104.8 x 1099 cubic m / year cubic m / year 87108710
PunjabPunjab
Source: Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) ' The water footprint of India '
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
Export ?Export ?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
Export ?Export ?
Wear ?Wear ?
How much water do you wear?How much water do you wear?
Production of 1 cotton shirt weighing 300 Production of 1 cotton shirt weighing 300 grams approximately 2,500 litersgrams approximately 2,500 liters
SourceSource: UNESCO-IHE: UNESCO-IHE
Water FootprintWater Footprint
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
Export ?Export ?
Wear ?Wear ?
How much water do youHow much water do you
Consume ?Consume ?
Drink ?Drink ?
Eat ?Eat ?
Export ?Export ?
Wear ?Wear ?
Footprint?Footprint?
Water FootprintWater Footprint
Is defined as the total water used for the Is defined as the total water used for the production of the goods and services production of the goods and services consumed by the individual. consumed by the individual.
It can be estimated by multiplying all It can be estimated by multiplying all goods and services consumed by their goods and services consumed by their respective virtual-water content. respective virtual-water content.
Water FootprintWater Footprint
Of an individual
Of a product
Of a company
Of a nation
Water FootprintWater Footprint
CountryCountry Water FootprintWater Footprint
m3/cap/yrm3/cap/yr
GlobalGlobal 12401240
USAUSA 24802480
Greece, Italy, SpainGreece, Italy, Spain 2300-24002300-2400
ChinaChina 700700
IndiaIndia 980 980
Source: Source: Water footprints of nationsWater footprints of nationsVolume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004Volume 1: Main Report, A.K. Chapagain & A.Y. Hoekstra, November 2004
Water FootprintWater Footprint
The 10 largest water users (in volume) are The 10 largest water users (in volume) are India, China, the United States, Pakistan, India, China, the United States, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and the Russian Federation* Mexico and the Russian Federation*
* Source: 3rd UN World Water Development Report, 2009
Water FootprintWater Footprint
The 10 largest water users (in volume) are The 10 largest water users (in volume) are India, China, the United States, Pakistan, India, China, the United States, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and the Russian Federation* Mexico and the Russian Federation*
• India is the country with the largest India is the country with the largest footprint in the world 987 Gm3/yrfootprint in the world 987 Gm3/yr
* Source: 3rd UN World Water Development Report, 2009
Era of scarcity
Era of scarcity
Source:Shiklomanov, I.A. 1999. World water resources and their use: a joint SHI/UNESCO product. http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/
Era of scarcity
India and waterIndia and water
YearYear Water Water availabilityavailability
mm33/capita/year/capita/year
RankingRanking
19801980 2000-50002000-5000 LowLow
20002000 1000-20001000-2000 Very lowVery low
20202020 < 1000< 1000 Drastically Drastically lowlow
(Source: Stockholm Environmental Institute data – Comprehensive assessment of fresh water resources in the world.)(Source: Stockholm Environmental Institute data – Comprehensive assessment of fresh water resources in the world.)
Waste water in agriculture ?Waste water in agriculture ?
Survey of 53 cities in world conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
80 % are using untreated or partially treated wastewater for agriculture.
In over 70 % of the cities, more than 50 % of urban agricultural land is irrigated with wastewater that is either raw or diluted in streams
There are now WHO guidelines on use of water in agriculture titled “Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater”
Ismail Serageldin Ismail Serageldin Former Vice President, World BankFormer Vice President, World Bank
Kofi AnnanKofi AnnanFormer Secretary General of UNFormer Secretary General of UN
Water WarsWater Wars
““The wars of the next century will be fought not over oil, The wars of the next century will be fought not over oil, but water...unless we change the way we manage it" but water...unless we change the way we manage it" : Ismail Serageldin (1996): Ismail Serageldin (1996)
"fierce competition for fresh water may well become "fierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future“ (2000)a source of conflict and wars in the future“ (2000)
Water WarsWater Wars
The CIA’s report, Global Trends 2015The CIA’s report, Global Trends 2015 ……water scarcities and allocation will pose water scarcities and allocation will pose
significant challenges to governments in significant challenges to governments in the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, South AsiaSouth Asia, and northern China, and northern China
Water will remain South Asia’s most vital Water will remain South Asia’s most vital and most contested natural resource and most contested natural resource
Potential & Existing ConflictsPotential & Existing Conflicts
Source: http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/22.htm
CountriesCountries RiverRiver
Turkey, Syria & IraqTurkey, Syria & Iraq Tigris & EuphratesTigris & Euphrates
Israel, Jordan, Syria & PalestineIsrael, Jordan, Syria & Palestine Jordan river, Golan height aquifersJordan river, Golan height aquifers
India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan PunjabPunjab
India & BangladeshIndia & Bangladesh Ganges &BrahmaputraGanges &Brahmaputra
China, Indochina & TaiwanChina, Indochina & Taiwan MekongMekong
Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & UzbekistanUzbekistan
Oxus & JaxartesOxus & Jaxartes
Ethiopia, Sudan Ethiopia, Sudan and East African and East African riparian countries, riparian countries,
Nile riverNile river
CountriesCountries RiverRiver
Turkey, Syria & IraqTurkey, Syria & Iraq Tigris & EuphratesTigris & Euphrates
Israel, Jordan, Syria & PalestineIsrael, Jordan, Syria & Palestine Jordan river, Golan height aquifersJordan river, Golan height aquifers
India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan PunjabPunjab
India & BangladeshIndia & Bangladesh Ganges &BrahmaputraGanges &Brahmaputra
China, Indochina & TaiwanChina, Indochina & Taiwan MekongMekong
Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & Tajikistan, Kyrghyzstan & UzbekistanUzbekistan
Oxus & JaxartesOxus & Jaxartes
Ethiopia, Sudan Ethiopia, Sudan and East African and East African riparian countries, riparian countries,
Nile riverNile river
Potential & Existing ConflictsPotential & Existing Conflicts
Source: http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/22.htm
Water WarsWater Wars
RivalryRivalry
rival (n.)rival (n.) from L. rivalis "a rival," originally, "one from L. rivalis "a rival," originally, "one
who uses the same stream" (or "one on who uses the same stream" (or "one on the opposite side of the stream"), from the opposite side of the stream"), from rivus "brook" (see rivulet). The notion is of rivus "brook" (see rivulet). The notion is of the competitiveness of neighbors. the competitiveness of neighbors.
How could water scarcity impact How could water scarcity impact our livesour lives
How could water scarcity impact How could water scarcity impact our livesour lives
It is already impacting our livesIt is already impacting our lives
How could water scarcity impact How could water scarcity impact our livesour lives
It is already impacting our livesIt is already impacting our lives Ban on Ban on
watering of lawns during morningswatering of lawns during mornings washing cars during morningswashing cars during mornings preparation of milk based sweetspreparation of milk based sweets Sowing of paddy before June 15Sowing of paddy before June 15
We are already consuming food prepared We are already consuming food prepared from waste waterfrom waste water
What more?What more?
Shift fromShift from Rice Paddy to other cropsRice Paddy to other crops Meat eating to vegetarian dietsMeat eating to vegetarian diets Burgers back to naan / roti / parathaBurgers back to naan / roti / paratha
Media AnalysisMedia Analysis
Serious analysis on media coverage of Water issues has Serious analysis on media coverage of Water issues has been found lackingbeen found lacking
A very good example which could be followed is that of A very good example which could be followed is that of Australia. Australia. Using the CARMA® system, an internationally recognised Computer Aided Research and Media Analysis methodology
Source: http://www.mediamonitors.com.au/insights/media-analysis
Media coverage of water in Media coverage of water in AustraliaAustralia
Every adult or child over the age of reason in Australia is aware of a water crisis
Between Jan-April 2007 - 80,000 media news reports, features articles, columns, letters to the editor and radio and TV program segments discussing water
3.5 billion Opportunities to See*
Source: http://www.mediamonitors.com.au/insights/media-analysis
Source: http://www.mediamonitors.com.au/insights/media-analysis
Quantitive & Qualitative AnalysisQuantitive & Qualitative Analysis
Source: http://www.mediamonitors.com.au/insights/media-analysis
An analysis of national English dailiesAn analysis of national English dailies
An analysis of vernacular daily in PunjabAn analysis of vernacular daily in Punjab
An analysis of city supplements of English dailiesAn analysis of city supplements of English dailies
Duration: June 4-10, 2009Duration: June 4-10, 2009
Page analysed : Page 1Page analysed : Page 1
Media coverage of water in IndiaMedia coverage of water in India
The Times of India: June 4. 2009
The Times of India: June 5. 2009
The Times of India: June 6. 2009
The Times of India: June 7. 2009
The Times of India: June 8. 2009
The Times of India: June 9. 2009
The Times of India: June 10. 2009
The Indian Express: June 4. 2009 The Indian Express: June 5. 2009
The Indian Express: June 6. 2009 The Indian Express: June 7. 2009
The Indian Express: June 8. 2009 The Indian Express: June 9. 2009
The Indian Express: June 10. 2009
Daily Ajit: June 4. 2009 Daily Ajit: June 5. 2009
Daily Ajit: June 6. 2009 Daily Ajit: June 7. 2009
Daily Ajit: June 8. 2009 Daily Ajit: June 9. 2009
Daily Ajit: June 10. 2009
Chandigarh Newsline: June 09. 2009
HT Chandigarh Live: June 09. 2009 HT Chandigarh Live: June 09. 2009
Who loves water more?Who loves water more?
National dailies lack National dailies lack coverage on water issuescoverage on water issues
Vernacular dailies are Vernacular dailies are reporting on water issues reporting on water issues
City supplements – in City supplements – in their quest for civic their quest for civic journalism stress on journalism stress on water issues – though water issues – though policy issues are missingpolicy issues are missing
When does water make to newsWhen does water make to news
Water becomes an issueWater becomes an issue Scarcity Scarcity
• Drought, Drought, • late monsoon etclate monsoon etc
SurplusSurplus• FloodsFloods
ContaminationContamination• UncleanUnclean• pesticide pesticide
Indian film song – clamouring for water/rainshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toJxhZ-DZQk
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