water management in israel: the conspicuous absence of

TThhee EEvvoolluuttiioonn ooff WWaatteerr MMaannaaggeemmeenntt iinn IIssrraaeell::

TThhee CCoonnssppiiccuuoouuss AAbbsseennccee ooff WWaatteerr MMaarrkkeettss

Professor Alon Tal

Ben Gurion University

Zaragoza, 30 July 2008

Greening the Drylands

Jerusalem Hills – circa 1918

Greening the Drylands

Jerusalem Hills

TODAY’S TALK

•Drought or New Hydrological Reality? •Israel’s Curious Water Management History •The Death of Water Subsidies •A Transboundary Regional Water Market?

Israel’s Water BalanceIsrael’s Water Balance

1800 2000

3400

3000

2600

2200

1600

1800 1600

2000 2200

3400

3000

2600

1600

1800Annual

Evaporation

mm

Annual Rainfall

Average

mm

+800

700

50

100

200

400

300

500

600

Lack of 2000 mm

1800

1932 2002m eD CDMC8 M MeM

458: m588D MD5 1457: AAMe 3563: A5m8AMT657: A8C8AMT

M"CDMC8T A A

MCM

M"A A

-

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

Rainfall: Chronic Instability

Replenishment Data

Min : 657 Max: 3563 Average : 1457 STD :458 MCM

MC

M

Year

Agriculture

1045.1 MCM

(56%)

Other

482.6

MCM

Water Demand per Sectors 2006

Potable

562.5 MCM

Domestic

698.0 MCM

(38%)

Industry

116.5 MCM

(6%)

Annual demand grows:

20 MCM/YEAR

 POPULATION GROWTH

1990 2020

The Hydrological

Price of Peace in

The Middle East

Israel’s Shrinking Water Supply 559

Kinneret basins

Arava Basin

139

316

130

469 Western Galilee Aquifer ­

Eastern basins 130 Coastal Aquifer ­ 295

285 Mountain Aquifer

291

Total annual natural production Negev Basin

(recharge) 1509 70

1355

w/o southern aquifers quantities drop to

1,175

-215

-214

-213

-212

-211

-210

-209

-208

10/0

3 4/

04

10/0

4 4/

05

10/5

4/

06

10/0

6 4/

07

10/0

7 4/

08

10/0

8 'A

, eMT

Sea of Galilee ­ Levels

Sea of Galilee, 2002

RED LINES: Below which – hydrological damage begins

BLACK LINES Below which damage is rapid and possibly irreversible

Present Drought Picture Present Drought Picture

PPrreesseenntt DDrroouugghhtt PPiiccttuurree

AAvveerraaggee rraaiinnffaallll ddrroopp iinn ppaasstt 1166 yyeeaarrss:: 11,,335500 ttoo 11,,117755 mmmm33

PPrroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff 44 ccoonnsseeccuuttiivvee eexxttrreemmee ddrroouugghhtt yyeeaarrss:: 22%%

HHiigghh LLiikkeelliihhoooodd ffoorr ccoommiinngg 55 yyeeaarrss ooff ffaalllliinngg bbeellooww rreedd lliinneess..

HHooww ddooeess iitt aaffffeecctt ttrraaddiittiioonnaall

WWaatteerr MMaannaaggeemmeenntt SSttrraatteeggyy??

(1) National Water Carrier Phase

• Construction – 1956 – 64

• 80% of Infrastructure Investment

• Provided 66% of country’s water

(80% for irrigation)

Jerusalem

Haifa

Tel Aviv

Sea of Galilee

Eilat

Main Water Supply System

••..

The Jerusalem Wastewater Treatment PlantThe Jerusalem Wastewater Treatment Plant

(2) Waste Water Reuse Phase

Tel

Growth in Sewage Recycling from

Aviv Region for Desert Agriculture

28

Number of LargeNumber of Large

in Israel:in Israel:ss’’WWTPWWTP

•• 19981998 -- 1515

•• 20022002 -­ 2828

•• 20052005 -­ 3232

~ 85% of the total~ 85% of the total

amount ofamount of

wastewater arewastewater are

treated to at leasttreated to at least

a secondary levela secondary level

WWaasstteewwaatteerr ttrreeaattmmeenntt iinn IIssrraaeell

22000088::

FFaaccttss aanndd FFiigguurreess ..EEfffflluueennttss == 445500 MMiilllliioonn MM33//yyeeaarr

..>>7722%% ooff eefffflluueennttss rreeccllaaiimmeedd ffoorr iirrrriiggaattiioonn

..2288%% ddiisscchhaarrggeedd ttoo rriivveerrss oorr sseeaa

..BByy 22001100:: RReeccllaaiimmeedd EEfffflluueennttss == 5500%% ooff aallll

wwaatteerr ttoo IIssrraaeellii AAggrriiccuullttuurree

Environmental Impacts of wastewater reuseEnvironmental Impacts of wastewater reuse

Plants & SoilPlants & Soil

••High SalinityHigh Salinity

••SodificationSodification of the soil (SAR)of the soil (SAR)

••Excess BoronExcess Boron

••Excess Nitrogen & PhosphorusExcess Nitrogen & Phosphorus

Water Sources & Public HealthWater Sources & Public Health

••Organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants

••Nitrogen, PhosphorusNitrogen, Phosphorus

••ChloridesChlorides

••Toxic compoundsToxic compounds (heavy metals,(heavy metals, organochlorinesorganochlorines, etc.), etc.)

WHOWHO -- ClCl ––

< 250 ppm< 250 ppm

IsraelIsrael

Average 1998Average 1998

190 ppm190 ppm

Tel AvivTel Aviv Tel AvivTel Aviv

GazaGaza

GazaGaza

WHOWHO -­ NONO33 --

< 45 ppm< 45 ppm

IsraelIsrael

Average 1998Average 1998

= 58 ppm= 58 ppm

Water QualityWater Quality -- Coastal AquiferCoastal Aquifer (Israel Hydrological Service)(Israel Hydrological Service)

Stream Pollution, Eutrophication

Boron and plant growthBoron and plant growth

From: J.From: J. TarchitzkyTarchitzky

DeficiencyDeficiency

DeficiencyDeficiency

ToxicityToxicity

ToxicityToxicity

ToxicityToxicity

New Israel Standard for BoronNew Israel Standard for Boron

in detergents, 1999in detergents, 1999

14

93

112

148

184

211

0.17

0.36

0.41

0.5

0.58

0.65

0

50

100

150

200

250

200820032002200019991996

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Sew

ag

e(m

g/L

B)

Sew

ag

e (m

g/L

B)

To

nes

B/y

To

nes B

/y

The SolutionThe Solution::

Reduction of Boron in detergentsReduction of Boron in detergents

““CompactCompact”” anlanl liquidliquid

formulasformulas –– moremore

environmentally friendlyenvironmentally friendly

Sustainable Effluent

Reuse: (Stage 2)

Old 20/30 (BOD5/TSS.) StandardOld 20/30 (BOD5/TSS.) Standard Use for agriculture is restrictedUse for agriculture is restricted

replaced by:replaced by:

New, stringent standards

for effluent quality

New Israeli standards for effluent qualityNew Israeli standards for effluent quality

•• IncludesIncludes -- 37 parameters37 parameters

•• Considers:Considers: Environmental, Agricultural, PublicEnvironmental, Agricultural, Public Health & HydroHealth & Hydro--geological Aspectsgeological Aspects

Proposed effluent quality standards - Salts

Parameter Units Irrigation Stream

Electrical

Conductivity

dS/m 1.4

SAR (mmol/L) 0.5

5

Chloride mg/L 250 400

Sodium mg/L 150 200

Boron mg/L 0.4

Fluoride mg/L 2

Treatment at the source

Cannot be treated at the WWTP

Treatment at the source

Proposed effluent quality standards - Heavy Metals

Parameter Units Irrigation Stream

Arsenic mg/L 0.1 0.1

Mercury mg/L 0.002 0.0005

Chromium mg/L 0.1 0.05

Nickel mg/L 0.2 0.05

Lead mg/L 0.1 0.008

Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.005

Zinc mg/L 2 0.2

Copper mg/L 0.2 0.02

Manganese mg/L 0.2

Cobalt mg/L 0.05

Vanadium mg/L 0.1

Iron mg/L 2

The Carmiel WWTP

Western Galilee

High Quality Waste Water

Treatment Production

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

220,000

240,000

) 5 "

A (� A

M 8 M D

M

� 8 e

8 T

1,000 8, 000

30,000

50,000

78,000

116,000

154,000

172,000 187,000

190,000

17,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

MC8T

0

4

(3) Drip Irrigation Phase

Water Conservation Measures

• 1950s – Invented due to low cost plastics

• 1965 Netafim Co. started: Kibbutz Hatzerim.

• Today > 500 million dollars in annual sales.

• Used world-wide from marijuana growers in California to vegetables in Afghanistan.

• Voted Israel’s “best invention.”

Drip Irrigation: Benefits

• Evaporation is reduced relative to sprinklers

• Can irrigate steep landscapes.

• Eliminates drift during wastewater reuse.

• Allows for precise chemigation.

• Delivers to the root zone.

• Automation = optimization

• Water use per yield drops!!!

Subsurface drip irrigation:

The Next Generation

Conserves water while:

• controlling weeds,

• minimize runoff and evaporation,

• increase longevity of laterals and emitters,

• ease use of heavy equipment in the field, and

• prevent human contact with low-quality water.

• Labor saving (avoids seasonal installation).

(4) Water Reservoir Phase

Floodwater can be used for 2 purpose:

1. To improve

quality and quantity

of ground water by

replenishing and aquifers.

2. To impound

floodwaters for

direct supply to irrigation systems

in nearby fields.

 IDAN Runoff Reservoir

       Today: Wastewater Storage is focus

40

(5) Desalination Phase

Israeli D

ele

ga

tion

Is

raeli D

ele

ga

tion

Is

raeli D

ele

ga

tion

– –A

us

tralia 1

9A

us

tralia

19

Au

stralia

19- - 2

2 Ma

rch

200

72

2 Ma

rch

20

072

2 Ma

rch

200

7

Development of Sea Water Desalination Plants

036

100 130 145 160280 305

405

505

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

(125)

(60)

(100)

(120)

Hadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Pre tendering stage/ Financial Agreement

Full production

Since 12/05

Construction phase. Production at 10/09

Shafdan(100)

Full production Since 9/07

Pre tendering stage

Israeli D

ele

ga

tion

Is

raeli D

ele

ga

tion

Is

raeli D

ele

ga

tion

– –A

us

tralia 1

9A

us

tralia

19

Au

stralia

19- - 2

2 Ma

rch

200

72

2 Ma

rch

20

072

2 Ma

rch

200

7Israe

li De

leg

atio

n

Israe

li De

leg

atio

n

Israe

li De

leg

atio

n – –

Au

stralia

19

Au

stra

lia 1

9A

us

tralia 1

9- - 22 M

arc

h 2

007

22 M

arc

h 2

007

22 M

arc

h 2

007

036

100 130 145 160280 305

405

505

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

(125)

(60)

(100)

(120)

Hadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Pre tendering stage/ Financial Agreement

Full production

Since 12/05

Construction phase. Production at 10/09

Shafdan(100)

Full production Since 9/07

Pre tendering stage

–-

–-

–

-

Development of Sea Water Desalination Plants

0 36

100 130 145 160 280 305

405

505

2004

20

05

2006

20

07

2008

20

09 20

10 20

11

2012

2013

(125)

(60)

(100)

(120)

(125)

(60)

(100)

(120)

Hadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

HHadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

adera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Pre tendering stage/ Financial Agreement

Full production

Since 12/05

Construction phase. Production at 10/09

Shafdan (100)

Full production Since 9/07

Pre tendering stage

DESALINATED SEA WATER COST RANGE

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

YEAR

ce

nt/

m3

Ashkelon

Palmachim,

Haifa bay Eilat

LARGE SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS

SMALL SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS

Trinidad

Larnaca

Malta

Source: Israel Water Commission

TYPICAL LARGE SCALE SWRO DESALINATION WATER COSTS

32

40

30

28

34

24

23

28

19

19

22

17

16

15

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

ce

nt/

m3

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

YEAR

O&M

ENERGY

CAPITAL

102

86

70 58

48

Source: Israel Water Commission

Desalination –

Ashkelon Plant

55 55 55 55 30 20 15 8 1 Brackish

water desal.

50 - - - - - - - - Water import

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

315 270 140 130 110 40 ---Sea water

desalination

35 35 35 15 -----Recycle

system

455 360 230 200 140 60 15 81

Additional

amounts of

potable water

509 491 471 461 441 390 359 332 295 Treated waste

water

Manufactured water 2002 ­ 2010 MCM/YEAR

Emergency Upgrade: : 750 mcm by 2020

600 mcm immediately: cost: 500 million €

Water Development Plan: required investments

2002 – 2010 (Million €)

• Desalination 1,600

• Sewage treatment & reuse systems 1,000

• Water supply systems 600

• Renovation & Improvements 800

TOTAL 4,000,000,000 €

(6) Are We Entering a New Market-

Based Phase?

Aug. 15, 2007 – End of Water Subsidies Era

Water Pricing – Israel 2008 Domestic Agricultural Wastewater Public Institutions

1st Price € 0.72 € 0.24 € 0.11 € 1.08

2nd Price € 0.88 € 0.29

3rd Price € 1.41 € 0.38

Is the Middle East

Ready for a Water Market?

Average Willingness to Pay

CULTURAL/HISTORIC OPEN SPACE

PRSERVATION

LACK OF CONTROL IDEOLOGY

“The Jewish Farmer”

SYMBOLIC:

NATIONAL AUTONOMY

FOOD SECURITY

Palestinian Concerns Israeli Concerns

Prevailing views about Water Markets

Zaragoza, 30 July 2008

CONCLUSIONS

• Israel’s water managers can claim real achievements.

• Environmentally – many mistakes.

• Water subsidies are history. Privatization is the future.

• Command & Control seems to work.

• Pricing mechanisms will affect individual decisions.

• Markets are unlikely as “economic efficiency” has

never been a paramount policy objective.

Zaragoza, 30 July 2008