water for energy: connections, collisions, and opportunities
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Water for Energy:
Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
Camille CalimlimWater and Power Subcommittee, U.S. House of Representatives
John RogersEnergy and Water in a Warming World initiative, Union of Concerned Scientists
C. Adam SchlosserCenter for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Power plants
and water?
• Withdrawals:
60–170 billion
gal/day
• Consumption
(evaporation):
3–6 billion
gal/day
Flic
kr/
Will
iam
s_Jt
Source: EW3 2011
+ cooling ponds
+ dry cooling
• Electricity’s water
profile
• Gaps and errors
• Water stress
• Opportunities
Longview News-Journal/Kevin Green
Flickr/Siemens
Water Withdrawals
Freshwater
Intensity
Sources of
Cooling
Water
Why It
Matters
(Sample)
Flickr/Andy Shapiro
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Water for Energy:
Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
Camille CalimlimWater and Power Subcommittee, U.S. House of Representatives
John RogersEnergy and Water in a Warming World initiative, Union of Concerned Scientists
C. Adam SchlosserCenter for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Energy and Water:
Connection and Conflict
Camille Calimlim Touton
Subcommittee on Water and Power
Hydrologic State of the Union
NASA’s Blue Marble taken on January 24, 2012 . Image Credit: NASA/NOAA/GSFC/Suomi NPP/VIIRS/Norman Kuring
Hydrologic State of the Union
August 2, 2012 Drought Monitor. Source: http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/monitor.html
Location of Power Plant, Water Withdrawals,
and Cooling Technologies on U.S. Drought Levels
Source: Union of Concerned Scientists (2011), Freshwater Use by U.S. Power Plants: Electricity’s Thirst for a Precious Resource;
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/07/us/drought/index.html
Current and Future Water Intensive
Oil & Gas Development
Potential oil shale
development in the
Colorado River
Basin.
North Dakota: Oil
Boom in the Bakken
Formation using
hydraulic fracturing.
Texas: Largest oil and gas producer in
the nation, in a multi-year drought.
Water needed for enhanced oil
recovery from older fields, hydraulic
fracturing for oil and natural gas.
Heat and Drought Related Collisions
Source: UCS Report, Power and Water at Risk
For more information, visit www.ucsusa.org/power-water-risk.
Future Trends
• By 2035, U.S. primary energy consumption is projected to increase an additional 9% over 2010 levels, which will also require additional water use.
• Over 85% of our electric power is still projected to come from nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants in 2035.
• In addition, water-intensive oil and natural gas production from unconventional sources in the United States is increasing rapidly due to technological advances in the industry.
• The energy sector is the fastest-growing water consumer in the United States. Studies predict that the energy sector will be responsible for 85% of the growth in water consumption between 2005 and 2030.
Solutions
• Increasing development of water-free energy technologies
such as renewables.
• Increasing efficiency of energy and water systems, stretch
local water supplies.
• Exploring alternative water sources for electricity
generation.
• Innovative financing for the solutions.
• Encouraging investment in innovation.
Recent Committee Reports
Links to both reports can be found on our website: http://democrats.naturalresources.house.gov/
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Water for Energy:
Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
Camille CalimlimWater and Power Subcommittee, U.S. House of Representatives
John RogersEnergy and Water in a Warming World initiative, Union of Concerned Scientists
C. Adam SchlosserCenter for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Freshwater in Thermoelectric Cooling:Implications of Renewable Energy and Climate
Freshwater in Thermoelectric Cooling:Implications of Renewable Energy and Climate
C. Adam Schlosser
UCS Webinar: Water for Energy - Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
C. Adam Schlosser
UCS Webinar: Water for Energy - Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Renewable Electricity Futures Study (2012). Hand, M.M.; Baldwin, S.; DeMeo, E.; Reilly, J.M.; Mai, T.; Arent, D.; Porro, G.; Meshek, M.; Sandor, D., editors. Lead authors include Mai, T.; Sandor, D.; Wiser, R.; Heath, G.; Augustine, C.; Bain, R.; Chapman, J.; Denholm, P.; Drury, E.; Hall, D.; Lantz, E.; Margolis, R.; Thresher, R.; Hostick, D.; Belzer, D.; Hadley, S.; Markel, T.; Marnay, C.; Milligan, M.; Ela, E.; Hein, J.; Schneider, T. NREL/PR-6A20-56040
A U.S. DOE-sponsored collaboration among more than 110 individuals from 35 organizations.
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Modeling Framework
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
REF80 Scenario Framework
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
REF80 Transformation of Electricity
Generation
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Modeling Water Withdrawal and Consumption for Electricity Generation in the United States
Modeling Water Withdrawal and Consumption for Electricity Generation in the United States: Strzepek, K., J. Baker, W. Farmer, and C. Adam Schlosser (June 2012)&Joint Program Report Series, 46 pages, 2012
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Water Use Factors in Cooling
• Generally speaking – specific water use lower for renewable technologies as compared to thermal generation technologies.
• Water use factors representative of U.S. electricity generation technologies in operation today.
Renewable Technologies
Withdrawal (gal/MWh) Consumptive Loss (gal/MWh)
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Achieving 80% Renewable Energy Penetration
Reduces Power-Sector Water Use by ~50%
Withdrawal Consumptive Loss
• Water use factors held constant at U.S. electricity generation technologies in operation today.
• Concentrated solar and geothermal power assumes dry cooling.
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Achieving 80% Renewable Energy Penetration
Reduces Power-Sector Water Use by ~50% Change in 2050 water consumption between 80% RE Cost-H and
(Low-Demand) Baseline Scenarios
• Shaded areas represent regions under “water stress” (mean withdrawal exceeds 60% of annual runoff).
• Changes depicted do not consider climate changes.
http://globalchange.mit.edu/
Cooling Capacity and Hydro-climatic Change
• Changes in regional temperature, precipitation, and the resulting hydrology (i.e. streamflow) have a quantifiable impact on our ability to cool and generate.
• Projecting regional climate changes present unavoidable uncertainties, which must be translated into risk assessments.
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
dQ -20% dQ -10% dQ 0% dQ 10% dQ 20%
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pla
nt
Ca
pa
city
(%
)
Electricity Generated as Percent of Plant
Capacity, 1.115 GW
dT 0 C
dT 1 C
dT 2 C
dT 3 C
dT 4 C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dQ -20% dQ -10% dQ 0% dQ 10% dQ 20%
Nu
mb
er
of
Day
s
Number of Days (out of 62)
Above Temp. Constraint
dT 0 C
dT 1 C
dT 2 C
dT 3 C
dT 4 C
Schlosser et al., 2012
Strzepek et al., 2012 (forthcoming)
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Water for Energy:
Connections, Collisions, and Opportunities
Camille CalimlimWater and Power Subcommittee, U.S. House of Representatives
John RogersEnergy and Water in a Warming World initiative, Union of Concerned Scientists
C. Adam SchlosserCenter for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Toward a
Water-smart
Energy Future
• New plants
• Existing plants
• Guidelines
• Stakeholders
• CO2 Fernando Arce-Larreta
BrightSource Energy
Flickr/cm195902
Flickr/Pixor
Texas Parks and Wildlife
Fernando Arce-Larreta
BrightSource Energy
Flickr/cm195902
Flickr/Pixor
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Toward a
Water-smart
Energy Future?
John Rogers, Union of Concerned Scientists
Co-manager, Energy and Water in a Warming World initiative
jrogers@ucsusa.org
ucsusa.org/ew3
Camille Calimlim, U.S. House of Representatives
Committee staff, Water and Power Subcommittee,
camille.calimlim@mail.house.gov
democrats.naturalresources.house.gov
C. Adam Schlosser, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
principal research scientist, assistant director of science research in the Center for Global Change Science
casch@mit.edu
globalchange.mit.edu
Ecologypress.com
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