victorian architecture and interior
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VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE
The term Victorian architecture refers collectively to several architectural
styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century.
The period may slightly overlap the reign ofQueen Victoria, 20 June 1837 22
January 1901.
The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles
mixed with the introduction of middle east and Asian influences.The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural
styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme
it follows Georgian architecture
and laterRegency architecture,
and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture.
Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the
set ofarchitectural styles current between 1720 and 1840. It is eponymous for
the first fourBritish monarchs of the House of HanoverGeorge I of Great
Britain, George II of Great Britain, George III of the United Kingdom, and George
IV of the United Kingdomwho reigned in continuous succession from August
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e Regency style ofarchitecture refers primarily to buildings built
in Britain during the period in the early 19th century when George IV was Prince
Regent, and also to later buildings following the same style. The period
coincides with the Biedermeierstyle in the German-speaking lands, Federal
style in the United States and the French Empire style.[1]
Edwardian architecture is the style popular when King Edward VII of the
United Kingdom was in power; he reigned from 1901 to 1910, but the
architecture style is generally considered to be indicative of the years 1901 to
1914.[1]
Edwardian architecture is generally less ornate than high or late Victorian
architecture,[2] apart from a subset used for major buildings known asEdwardianBaroque architecture.
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The most popular style of architecture prior to the Victorian era was the Greek Revival. This
style was used almost exclusively for public buildings where simplicity and dignity were
considered the most important attributes. By the 1840s the Greek style was no longer
fashionable for a private residence. Its popularity had waned about the time Victoria became
Queen. Many early cottages were built as summer residences only, with no insulation, yet the
underlying surfaces were of solid construction. Architects and builders often submitted
alternate designs for a house where the floor plans were identical, and only the facadesvaried. But when frame construction came along, houses were built quickly and ornate details
were added later. Many early homes had neither kitchens or bathrooms. As is typical of these
early homes, additions often house the kitchens and baths.
Most of the early homes, especially those built in England, were built of stone, and enhanced
with decorative "stone tracery". The number of full-blown Gothic stone mansions was never
large. Only the wealthy could afford such homes which required the labors of highly skilled
stone carvers. The costly Gothic style was eventually translated into wood, and thousands of
"Carpenter Gothic" houses still stand.
The Charastic American Carpenter Gothic style is characterized by steep gables and pointed
windows. Often the construction was vertical "Board and Batton" which was considered
particularly fitting for a Gothic cottage because of its upward tendency. In a wider sense we
now apply the term "American Gothic" to all homes of typically Victorian design. These homes
mark the real beginning of modern architecture. The homes are planned from the inside out -the layout of the rooms and the traffic pattern determines the outward look. Inside they have a
happy hide-and-seek quality of surprise.
When Gothic came to America and was translated to "Carpenter Gothic", the stone tracery
was replaced by wooden Gingerbread. The ornate wooden detail is considered a folk art.
Each carpenter had his own ideas and employed his own fanciful designs.
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The Victorian architectural period mostly spans the period of roughly 1825-1900.
The Victorians drew deeply from history, nature, geometry, theory, and personal
inspiration to create their designs. Prior to 1890, designers, though properly
trained in the academics of standard architectural systems, still managed to
employ their own creative ideas.Early Victorian structures were relatively simple in style, while those built after the
Civil War became more complicated. They combined styles as they saw fit. The
end result was often a stunning visual effect. The building styles of post-Civil War
America were elaborate and flamboyant, very much fueled by new industrial
society. Now collectively called "Victorian" the architecture was made up of
several main styles. These include Italianate, Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake,and Queen Anne. Generally, Italianate style structures have flat roof lines,
corniced eaves, angled bay windows and Corinthian-columned porches. Stick-
Eastlake structures often include square bays, flat roof lines and free-style
decorations. Queen Annes have a gabled roof, shingled insets, angled bay
windows under the gable and on occasion a tower.
Contemporary critics accuse the Victorians of needless complexity and clutter.Victorian architecture up to 1870 was thought by some, especially Europeans, to
be a failure. This near revulsion by critics was expressed at first only by a few,
but as the decade went on, criticism increased.
However, this view was obviously not shared by all then or now. A charmed critic
writing for the San Francisco Morning Call on April 21, 1887 described San
Francisco's Victorian architecture as follows:
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"The architecture of San Francisco in our residence streets has no counterpart in
the world, and we have no reason to be ashamed of it. It is light, airy and pleasing
in style, and is to the architecture of Europe and the Eastern States as Spanish
music is to the grand and heavier compositions of Wagner."
The latter part of the nineteenth century brought a new attitude toward color. Before
then, the houses of the tract builders tended to be painted all one color, usually
white, beige or gray. By 1887, many people were painting their houses in lighter,
brighter colors. The vibrant colors are one of the more easily identifiable features of
Victorian architecture today.
The years from 1870 to 1906 produced the bulk ofSan Francisco's Victorianbuildings in which there was much overlapping in style trends. One cause of the
seemingly infinite variety of Victorian architecture in Northern California is the
abundant coastal redwood. Both the structural members and much of the
decoration on San Francisco Victorian homes are redwood, a local material that
had many advantages. It was cheap and plentiful; it resisted rot, termites and fire;
and it was easily worked into different shapes.Many interiors were done in the grand manner reflecting their owners and builders.
As with the exteriors, two general styles prevailed during the period: the Italian or
Renaissance style and the medieval or Queen Anne. Interiors of the Renaissance
mode included smooth plastered walls often in light colors, marble fireplaces
usually with heavy gold mirrors above, elaborate ceiling cornices, elaborate
pediments over doors, frescoed ceilings, and chandeliers. French influence wasver stron durin the 1870s
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and early 80's. Italianate interior design had heavily molded , yet graceful door
frames and wainscoting that complemented contemporary furniture styles. Door
frames of this type disappeared with the dominance of the Queen Anne interior. The
shift to the brooding medieval style resulted in dark colorful interiors. Californians at
this period closely followed national trends.
From about 1895 to 1915, middle-class tastes turned away from the clutter andclosed off rooms of the Victorian home to more simple, open, flexible spaces: the
living room replaced the parlor. Natural wood furniture and interiors displaced the
artificial, upholstered and multi-layered look typical of the Victorian home. At the
turn of the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, working-class and middle-
class homes reflected contrasting material standards.
Today, all over the United States, many homes from the Victorian architecturalperiod still stand and are considered among the most beautifully rustic in almost
any neighborhood. Many have been turned into bed and breakfast inns, hotels and
some just opened to the public as historic sites.
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Typical Characteristics of Victorian houses
Bay windows (they stick out) - A window that sticks out of a house, that can have
windows on the side of it.
Iron Railings
Flemish brick bonding
Patterns in the brickwork made from coloured bricks
Stained glass in doorways and windows.
Roofs made of slate.
No garage
Sash windows (they open by sliding the window up) Dentils - A molding going around a house with rectangle holes in it.
Column - A round or square shaped post usually holding up the roof.
Dormer - A window that sticks out from the roof that has a roof of its own.
Clapboard Siding - Wood siding used on a house
Cornice - The piece that runs along were the roof and wall meets Gable - The triangular part at the end of a building formed by the two sides of a
sloping roof.
Pediment =The piece that comes out from the roof and covers the porch.
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Portico -A porch with a roof.
Mansard Roof =- roof with two slopes, and often it is flat on top.
Transom -A window or panel, usually operable, above a window or door.
Turret -A small, skinny tower usually at the corner of a building. Oriel Window: Begins above the ground and heads up.
Bay Window: See top of page.
Reveal Window: Just sticks out from the wall.
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Narrow and Tall
Most Victorian houses are narrow, which allowed these impressive beauties to be
built on a small amount of land. They were often close to other Victorian homes,
usually near the center of town. What these houses lack in width they make up for
in height; a typical Victorian is three stories tall and perched on a full-size
basement. Stairs
Because the Victorian was built to impress, intricate or grand entrances were
usually constructed. These stairways usually lead to wrap-around front porches
adorned with turned wood or wrought iron railings.
Towers and Turrets
These unique rooms could be studies, bedrooms or libraries. They give Victorian
homes a castle feel and recall the Gothic mansions that inspired early Victorian
designs. Because these houses were often three or even four stories tall, these
turrets can be quite impressive.
Decorative Trim
Although the trim was mass-produced, there were several different styles anddesigns. Everything from Italianate egg-and-dart molding to carved Gothic Revivial
fascia can be found on a Victorian home. It's not at all unusual to find Queen Anne,
Gothic and Italianate elements all on the same house, as the goal was to create
something unique and unusual. According to Victorian design rules, the trim should
painted a distinctly different color than the siding for emphasis. In most cases, three
to five different colors of paint were used: one for the house, and the rest for thetrim.
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Bay Windows
Large windows, sometimes filled with stained glass or topped with stained glass
panels, are a common feature in Victorian houses. These bays can either be walk-
out versions or have a built-in bench.
Asymmetrical House Design
Victorian era architects loved the challenge of varied roof lines and asymmetricaldesigns. The houses were made to be individual and unique. Even if the basic
design of a group of houses is the same, you can expect to find unique window
styles and architectural details that give each house its own personality.
Extras
Classic Victorian homes have wrap-around porches with intricate trim and tiny
balconies or crow's nests on the upper floors. Some of these porches, balconies
and crow's nests were functional, but some were just for show. Nothing was too
extravagant for a Victorian home.
Finding Victorian Homes
Where can you find Victorian-style homes? You can find at least one of two
Victorian style homes in most urban areas, but some cities have more than others.The Old West End, a famous neighborhood in Toledo, Ohio, has having the most
Victorian style homes in the United States. San Francisco is also known for its
beautiful, restored Victorian homes. Savannah, Georgia is a lovelycity
to visit and explore, as its many Victorian homes are located on charming squares
with interesting gardens and sculptures, making it a fabulous place to visit. If youex lore these cities ou will find Victorian bed and breakfasts that are erfect for
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Typical Defects in Victorian Buildings
Damp: Solid masonry walls allow for water penetration, although it is not always
rising damp. However, a lack of a damp proof course, or the failure of the original
DPC is commonplace. Slate DPCs become brittle and fracture with the settlement
of the walls over time, and bitumen DPCs become friable or are simply squeezed
out by the pressure of the brickwork. Furthermore, despite the mass production of
bricks, some were still of poor quality; such bricks can be the cause of damp spots
appearing halfway up a wall in isolation and with no apparent cause. Lastly, the
application of cement render to the exterior of the property can seal in any moisture
present in the brickwork, so that any such moisture appears to the internal face of
the wall. See our page on damp for more detail. Wall tie failure: The use of cast-iron walls ties where cavity walls are present
means that the ties have often rusted through over the years. Furthermore,
Victorian builders often used fewer ties than we would use today. Also, some of the
aggregates used in mortar in some parts of the country have an electrolytic action
when wet, and cause the wall ties to corrode.
Failed coursing beams: Another construction technique of the period involvedusing timber beams as part of the wall structure. These were usually hidden behind
snapped headers, and so are not immediately apparent when the wall is viewed
externally. Over the years, the timber rots, and the wall begins to sag or bow.
Rotten floor joists: As with preceding eras, the ends of the floor joists in Victorian
buildings are built into the walls; when the wall becomes damp, the timber rots.Poorly ventilated voids beneath timber ground floors are another cause of such
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Cracking around bay windows: A common problem that occurrs with bay
windows is that they have often have little in the way of foundations, and so settle
at a different rate to the rest of the house. Also, it is common for small trees to be
planted in the front gardens of Victorian properties, which draw water from the soil
and can cause the bay window to drop. Ordinarily, underpinning can and should be
avoided in remedying the problem. Lead pipework: Intially, the pipework in plumbing was of lead, as it is maleable and
easy to form into pipes that can then be shaped and bent (useless fact: the Latin for
lead isplumbum, which is why plumbers are so called). It is uncommon for the
internal plumbing nowadays to be in the original lead, however, although there are
frequently sections of the incoming water main that are still in lead, usually where
the pipe is embedded in the brickwork below ground level. This is obviously lessthan perfect, although the inside of the pipe usually has enough limescale build-up
that the incoming water never touches the lead itself.
Ageing electrical services: Although any electrical wiring will not be original to the
building, it will have been installed at any time in the past ninety years or so, and
often not all at once. The inferences are obvious.
Poorly replaced roof coverings: Slate was commonly used to cover the roofs of
Victorian buildings, and it is not uncommon to see roofs where the original slates
have been replaced with concrete tiles. These are much heavier than slates, and
unless the roof structure has been strengthened to accommodate the tiles, there
can be problems with the rafters being over-loaded.
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Spalling brickwork: When bricks are wetted by rain, moisture is absorbed into the
exposed face of the brick.If a frost follows, the water in the face of the brick freezes
and expands, and causes the face of the brick to break away. Victorian bricks can
be quite porous, and this tendancy can be exacerbated by the use of incorrect
mortar mixes when repointing.
Defective windows: Original timber sash windows to Victorian buildings are now ofgreat age. If decoration has not been assiduously carried out to the exterior, or if
condensation has not been removed from the internal face of the windows, the
timber rots. Another problem is that is was common over the past thirty or forty
years to replace single glazed sash windows with double glazed uPVC or
aluminium units - and these can now have a detrimental effect on the value of the
property, especially if the work has been executed poorly.
Some, all or none of these defects may be present in any Victorian property,and
other defects besides. If you own a Victorian property and are concerned about any
defects present, or if you wish to purchase such a building, please do call us for
friendly, professional advice
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Victorian decorative arts refers to the style ofdecorative arts during the Victorian
era. Victorian design is widely viewed as having indulged in a grand excess of
ornament. The Victorian era is known for its interpretation and eclectic revival of
historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east and Asian influences in
furniture, fittings, and Interior decoration. TheArts and Crafts movement,
theaesthetic movement,Anglo-Japanese style, andArt Nouveau style have their
beginnings in the late Victorian era.
Interior decoration and design
Interior decoration and interior design of the Victorian era are noted for orderliness
and ornamentation. A house from this period was idealistically neatly divided in
rooms, with public and private space carefully separated. The Parlor was the mostimportant room in a home and was the showcase for the homeowners; where
guests were entertained. A bare room was considered to be in poor taste, so every
surface was filled with objects that reflected the owner's interests and aspirations.
The dining room was the second-most important room in the house.
The sideboard was most often the focal point of the dining room and very ornately
decorated. [edit]Walls and ceilings
The choice of paint color on the walls in Victorian homes was said to be based on
the use of the room. Hallways that were in the entry hall and the stair halls were
painted a somber gray so as not to compete with the surrounding rooms.
Most people marbleized the walls or the woodwork. Also on walls it was common toscore into wet plaster to make it resemble blocks of stone. Finishes that were
" "
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choice and placement. The theory of harmony by analogy was to use the colors
that lay next to each other on the color wheel. And the second was the harmony
by contrast that was to use the colors that were opposite of one another on the
color wheel. There was a favored tripartite wall that included
adado orwainscoting at the bottom, a field in the middle and a frieze orcornice atthe top. This was popular until the 19th century. Frederick Walton who created
linoleum in 1863 created the process for embossing semi-liquid linseed oil,
backed with waterproofed paper or canvas. It was called Lincrustaand was
applied much like wallpaper. This process made it easy to then go over the oil
and make it resemble wood, leather or different types of leather. On the ceilings
that were 814 feet the color was tinted three shades lighter than the color thatwas on the walls and usually had a high quality of ornamentation because
decorated ceilings were favored.
[edit]Furniture
There was not one dominant style of furniture in the Victorian period. Designers
rather used and modified many styles taken from various time periods in history
like Gothic, Tudor, Elizabethan, English Rococo, Neoclassical and others. TheGothic and Rococo revival style were the most common styles to be seen in
furniture during this time in history.
[edit]Wallpaper
Wallpaperwas often made in elaborate floral patterns with primary colors in the
backgrounds (red, blue and yellow,) and overprinted with colours of cream andtan. This was followed by Gothic art inspired papers in earth tones with stylized
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and fabrics during the latter half of the Victorian period. Morris was inspired and
used Medieval and Gothic tapestries in his work. Embossed paper were used on
ceilings and friezes.
1 H i ht
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1. Height
Victorian homes are often taller than similar sized homes of other styles
spreading upward rather than outward. This gives them a grand sense when you
look at them, and it goes a long way to set themselves apart from other houses in
the same area. Here are a few photos of three-story Victorian buildings to give you
a better idea of what I mean. Credit: Slideshow Bruce (via Flickr)
Credit: Alaskan Dude (via Flickr)
Credit: yorkville (via Flickr)
2. Turrets
Heres where that whimsical style I mentioned comes in. Many Victorian buildingshave turrets in other words, towers. And really, whats notto love about towers?
They dont have to be extreme. Some are round. Others arent. Here are a couple
of examples of Victorian homes with turrets to give you an idea of their variety.
Credit: marada (via Flickr)
Credit: Muffet (via Flickr) 3. Millwork
The millwork on many Victorian homes sometimes takes my breath away. You just
dont see this kind of ornamental effort go into newhomes as much anymore.
Millwork is the decorative woodwork youll find on the home or inside it.
Have you ever seen old homes with gorgeous wooden doors, staircases, and built-
in shelving? Those are examples. So are baseboards, fireplace mantles, and the
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