vc1a wash cluster – emergency training vc 1 vector control module 1a malaria
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1VC1A
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
VC
Vector ControlModule 1A
Malaria
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Worldwide Malaria Incidence
Key cause of morbidity and death in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Timor, Key cause of morbidity and death in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Timor, Aceh Indonesia, all Sub Saharan humanitarian crises plus othersAceh Indonesia, all Sub Saharan humanitarian crises plus others
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Malaria’s toll
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• Many types of Many types of mosquitoes, but 3 mosquitoes, but 3 main Anopheline main Anopheline species transmit species transmit malaria in Africamalaria in Africa
• Up to 500 million people infected each year
• 1.6-2.5 million deaths annually
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Behaviour of mosquitoes
Genus Breeding site Disease and distribution
Anopeline mosquito
Anopheles gambiae
arabiensis
funestus
Biting period : NIGHT
Non polluted water: Edges of rivers, swamps, tanks,
rice fields, saltwater without wave action,
Malaria : Tropical and sub-tropical
Filariasis : Asia and Africa
Aedes mosquito
Biting period : DAY
Small water containers:
Cans, jars, gutters
Yellow fever : Africa and Americas
Dengue : Africa and Americas, Asia
Filariasis : Pacific
Culex mosquito
Biting period : NIGHT
Any dirty water: Waste water ditches, latrines, septic pits,
Filariasis : Most tropical areas
Encephalitis virus: worldwide
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NATURAL DISASTERS
• African anopheles species are very efficient vectors, well adapted to breeding in clean flood waters
I.E. NE Kenya Flooding 1997, 2006, 2008
Aceh, Indonesia – Tsunami Dec 2004
Some Asian anopheles species breed efficiently in brackish water (Aceh & Burma)
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What causes malaria?• Mosquitoes transmit
malaria parasites to humans when they bite them and feed off people’s blood.
• There are four types of malaria but only one type that kills. This is the most common type in Africa.
Falciparum
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Locating the hostWhile many mosquitoes may bite in the day, ones carrying malaria bite only after dusk and before dawn.
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WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
UNCOMPLICATED• Fever• Headache• Vomiting• Diarrhoea• Cough• Chills, Muscle pains
COMPLICATED• Confusion or
drowsiness with extreme weakness
• May develop: coma, convulsions, jaundice, high fever, shock, abnormal bleeding
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Children can die within 8 hours from onset of clinical symptoms so rapid and effective treatment seeking is vital.
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Effective malaria case management
Rapid malaria tests
Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) for uncomplicated malaria
IM artemether treatments for severe cases
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Disease burden of malaria is increasingbecause….
• War and conflicts• Disasters• No effective vaccine• Drug resistance: parasite and vector• Population growth in endemic areas• Population migrations
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StableStable
WarWar
Refugees/Refugees/IDPsIDPs
>90% of falciparum cases occur in sub Saharan Africa>90% of falciparum cases occur in sub Saharan Africa>90% of all malaria deaths occur in sub Saharan Africa>90% of all malaria deaths occur in sub Saharan Africa
EpidemicEpidemic
2002
1997/981999
2000/012001
2006/7
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Malaria Prevention Tools / Strategies in Complex Emergencies
• Personal protection from vectors
• Vector control• Chemophylaxis (anti-
malarials only)• Intermittent
Preventive Treatment (malaria only)
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Anopheles: clear ground water
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Issue for Control
• Most insects have short flight ranges but Anopheles can fly 2 km to find host:
All Breeding sites within that zone must be eliminated for this strategy to be effective
Slashing grass and maize has no impact on mosquito biting
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Environmental Control• Generally this means the elimination of
mosquito breeding sites. • This is not usually feasible because of
human resources needed, the extent of the breeding sites and operational cost.
• Some breeding sites may also be the only available water for the population.
• Breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes are extensive a they can breed in the water left in a footprint!
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Other vector control modules
• Information education and communication
• Net distribution
• Insecticide treated material
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