vascular system part one - amazon s3 · 2016-11-15 · objectives summarize how cardiac output,...

Vascular System

Part One

Objectives Trace the route taken by blood as it leaves, and then

returns to the heart.

Describe the structure of the walls of arteries and veins.

Discuss the structure and function of the three classes of arteries.

Describe the characteristics that make veins distinct from arteries.

Discuss the structure and function of the three classes of veins.

Describe the structure, function, and organization of capillaries.

Blood Vessel Layers

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica externaLumen

Blood Vessel Layers Tunica intima

Innermost layer

Consists of endothelium

Same as endocardium that lines hearts

Smooth surface keeps blood flowing freely

Prevents clots

Chemicals that cause blood vessels to

Dilate

Constrict

Blood Vessel Layers Tunica media

Middle layer

Smooth muscle

Innervated by autonomic nervous system

Elastic tissue

Allows blood vessel to change in diameter

Blood Vessel Layers Tunica externa

Outer layer

Strong and flexible

Fibrous connective tissue

Supports and protects

Aneurysm Portion of the vessel wall has weakened

Causing the blood to balloon out

Types of Blood Vessels• Arteries:

• Carry blood away from the heart

• Arteries = Away

• Veins:

• Return blood to the heart

• Capillaries:

• Connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

• Capillaries= Connect

• Sites for exchange of nutrients and oxygen

Categories of Arteries Conducting arteries

elastic arteries

• Distributing arteries • muscular arteries

• Arterioles• resistance vessels

Categories of Arteries Largest

Closest to the heart

Branch and divide

Grow smaller as they travel away

Categories of Arteries Conducting Arteries

Expand as blood surges into the them

Greatest ability to expand and recoil

Recoil when ventricles relax

Examples:

Aorta

Carotids

Categories of Arteries Distributing Arteries

Carry blood to specific organs and areas of body

Examples:

Brachial

Femoral

Renal Arteries

Categories of Arteries Aterioles

Smallest arteries

Contraction of smooth muscle in walls

Resist flow of blood to regulate BP

Control blood flow to an organ

Veins Become smaller as they lead away from the

heart

Converge from smaller to larger

Have thinner walls than arteries

Not as much pressure

Have a great ability to stretch

Can constrict extensively

Veins Capacitance Vessels

Stretch

Carry varying amounts of blood

Little to no change in pressure

Constrict extensively

Helps maintain BP

Blood volume drops

Categories of Veins Venules

Medium-sized veins

Large veins

Categories of Veins Venules

Smallest veins

Collect blood from the capillaries

Thin, porous walls

Exchange fluid with surrounding tissues

Categories of Veins Medium-sized veins

Convergence of venules

Thicker, more elastic walls

One-way valves to prevent black flow

Example:

Radial and Ulnar Veins

Categories of Veins Large Veins

Convergence of medium-sized veins

Thick tunica externa

Examples:

Vena Cavae

Pulmonary Veins

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels that link

Aterioles and venules

Are the exchange vessels

Nutrients

Waster

Hormones

Transfer between blood and tissue

Have extremely thin walls

Have very small diameters

Capillaries Tissue with high metabolic rates

Liver

Kidneys

Myocardium

Large number of capillaries

Capillaries Fibrous Connective Tissues

Lower metabolic rates

Tendons

Few capillaries

Capillaries Epidermis

Cartilage

Lens of Eye

Cornea of Eye

No capillaries

Question

Veins are called capacitance vessels because:

A. they can constrict extensively.B. they can stretch.C. they convey blood back to the heart.D. they contain one-way valves.

Capillary Organization

Exercise Rest

Capillary Organization Exchange vessels

Organized into network of capillary beds

Capillary Walls

Single layer of endothelium

Basement membrane

Capillary Organization Body does not contain enough blood to fill entire

system

Precapillary sphincter

Beginning of each network

Capillary Organization Exercise = more oxygen required

Sphincters open

Blood fills capillary network

Exchange occurs

Rest= oxygen not required

Blood bypasses capillary bed

Flows into venule

Quiz Review Know your Matching Worksheet

Know which blood vessel connect 2 sides of vascular system

Know how capillaries are organized

Know what conducting arteries are and how they function

Know what the tunica intima is its function

Know the correct order of vessels in arterial system

Homework Read Chapter 15

Review the Animations on the Davis Website Student Resources

Use the flashcards to prepare for QUIZ

House Call Due 11-22-2016

Quiz 11-22-2016

Test 11-23-2016 Chapter 15 Only

Workbook due 11-23-2016

Lab Presentations 11-23-2016 following TEST

Vascular System

Part Two

Objectives Explain the methods of

Capillary exchange

Diffusion

Filtration

Colloid osmotic pressure.

Identify and explain the three main causes of edema.

Trace the path of pulmonary circulation.

Capillary Organization Sinusoid

Unique capillary

Liver, bone marrow, spleen

Irregular, blood-filled spaces

More permeable

Allow for the passage of large substances

Blood

Proteins

Capillary Exchange

Walls allow for two-way exchange

Capillary Exchange Mechanisms of exchange

Diffusion

Filtration

Osmosis

Diffusion

Capillary Exchange Mechanisms of exchange

Diffusion

Most important mechanism of capillary exchange

Greater to lesser concentration

Release chemicals to surrounding tissues

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Glucose

Hormones

Nutrients

Filtration

Filtration Filtration

Occures close to the arterial side of capillary bed

Metarteriole

Pressure 30-35 mm Hg

Tissue

2 mm Hg

Pushes dissolved nutrients

Plasma

Glucose

Amino Acids

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

View animation on “Mechanisms of capillary exchange”

Colloid Osmotic Pressure Osmosis

Blood moves toward venous end of capillary

Blood Pressure inside capillary drops

10 mm Hg

Drop in pressure allows:

Proteins to exert colloid osmotic pressure

Albumin pulls tissue fluid and waste

Into capillaries

QuestionHow does the cardiovascular system meet the metabolic

needs of skeletal muscle during strenuous exercise?

A. It maintains blood flow at stable rate.

B. It opens up capillary beds in skeletal muscle.

C. It temporarily diverts blood from the GI trace and brain to get extra blood to muscles.

D. It dilates capillaries to approximately twice their original diameter to accommodate the extra blood.

Edema Fluid filters out of capillaries faster than it is

reabsorbed

Accumulation in tissues

3 Main Causes

Increased capillary filtration

Reduced capillary reabsorption

Obstructed Lymphatic drainage

Edema Increased Capillary Filtration

Capillary pressure drives filtration

Rise = Rise

Causes

Kidney failure

Poor venous return

R sided ventricle failure

Edema Reduced capillary reabsorption

Deficiency in albumin

Slow reabsorption

Causes

Liver disease

Burns

Edema Obstructed lymphatic drainage

Absorbs 15% of fluid filtered by capillaries

Obstruction = fluid accumulation

Surgical removal

Pulmonary Circulation

View animation on “Pulmonary circulation”

Pulmonary Circulation Routes the blood to and from the lungs

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Does NOT supply lung tissue with oxygen

Lung tissue is oxygenated through systemic circulation

Question

Capillaries release oxygen and take up carbon dioxide from surrounding tissues through the process of:

A. osmosis.B. filtration.C. diffusion.D. colloid osmotic pressure.

Test Review Reading- Chapter 15 Definitions to KNOW

Resistance Vessels

Siusoids

Metarterioles

Quiz Review Know your Matching Worksheet

Know which blood vessel connect 2 sides of vascular system

Know how capillaries are organized

Know what conducting arteries are and how they function

Know what the tunica intima is its function

Know the correct order of vessels in arterial system

Homework Read Chapter 15

Review the Animations on the Davis Website Student Resources

Use the flashcards to prepare for QUIZ

House Call Due 11-22-2016

Quiz 11-22-2016

Test 11-23-2016 Chapter 15 Only

Workbook due 11-23-2016

Lab Presentations 11-23-2016 following TEST

Vascular System

Part Three

Objectives Name the regions of the aorta and the major arteries

arising from each region.

Describe the blood supply to the head and neck.

Identify the principal veins of systemic circulation.

Discuss the principles of a pressure gradient and how it relates to blood pressure and circulation.

Pulmonary Circulation

View animation on “Pulmonary circulation”

Pulmonary Circulation1. Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary

trunk, which branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

2. The pulmonary arteries enter the lungs.

3. The pulmonary artery branches into lobar arteries (one for each lobe of the lung). These arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries until ending at the capillary beds.

Pulmonary Circulation4. The capillaries surround the alveoli, where the

exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs.

5. The capillaries form venules, which merge to form veins. The veins merge until forming the pulmonary vein, which returns the oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Systemic Circulation

Ascending aortaAortic arch

Descending aorta

Systemic Circulation Supplies oxygen and nutrients to organs

Removes waste

Systemic Circulation Arteries

Arise from aorta

3 regions Ascending aorta

Right and Left Coronary Arteries

Aortic Arch

Brachiocephalic

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

Descending aorta

Thoracic and abdominal cavities

Diaphragm divides

Thoracic aorta

Abdominal aorta Blood Supply to liver

Systemic Circulation Abdominal Aorta

Right common iliac artery

Right leg

Femoral

Popliteal

Left common iliac artery

Left leg

Femoral

Popliteal

Pulses

Pulses Radial

Most common site for routine assessment of heart rate

Carotid/Femoral

Common site during an emergency for assessment of heart rate

Principal Arteries

Subclavian artery

Axillary artery

Brachial artery

Radial artery

Thoracic aorta

Celiac trunk

Renal artery

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Common iliac artery

External iliac artery

Internal iliac artery Femoral artery

Popliteal artery

Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery

Dorsalis pedis artery

Arteries of the Head and Neck

Vertebral artery

Point at which carotid

artery branches

Common carotid

artery

Vertebral artery

Circle of Willis

Venous Circulation Body drains from organs and other parts

Brings all back to Vena Cava

Principal Veins

Internal jugular vein

Cephalic vein

Medial cubital vein

Popliteal veinGreat saphenous vein

Hepatic veins

Venous Circulation Vena Cava

Main Vein

Superior Vena Cava

Receives blood from above the heart

Head

Shoulders

Arms

Inferior Vena Cava

Receives blood from below the heart

Lower half of the body

Venous Circulation Superficial veins

Reside near surface

Deep veins

Deep well protected areas

Usually along side artery, nerve

Veins of the Head and Neck

Internal jugular vein

External jugular vein

Vertebral vein

Hepatic Portal Circulation

View animation on “Hepatic-portal circulation”

Inferior vena cava

Hepatic Portal Circulation Veins empty to portal vein

Portal vein empties into sinusoids Superior mesenteric vein converges here

Sinusoids empties into hepatic vein

Hepatic vein to inferior vena cava

Allows for removal of Toxins

Bacteria

ETOH

Storage of glycogen

Question

Portal systems allow blood to:

A. pass through two capillary networks before returning to the heart.

B. pass through one capillary network before returning to the heart.

C. bypass all capillary networks and return to the vena cava.

D. shunt blood from one vein to another.

Principles of Circulation

Principles of Circulation Pressure gradient

Blood moves away = pressure declines

Greater the difference in pressure = greater the flow

Resistance

The greater the resistance = lesser the flow

Kahoot.it

Quiz Review Know your Matching Worksheet

Know which blood vessel connect 2 sides of vascular system

Know how capillaries are organized

Know what conducting arteries are and how they function

Know what the tunica intima is its function

Know the correct order of vessels in arterial system

Homework Read Chapter 15

Review the Animations on the Davis Website Student Resources

Use the flashcards to prepare for QUIZ

House Call Due 11-22-2016

Quiz 11-22-2016

Test 11-23-2016 Chapter 15 Only

Workbook due 11-23-2016

Lab Presentations 11-23-2016 following TEST

Vascular System

Part Four

Objectives Summarize how cardiac output, blood volume, and

resistance affect blood pressure.

Explain the relationship between blood pressure, peripheral resistance and blood flow.

Discuss why blood flow through the capillaries is slower than any other part of the vascular system.

Describe the neural and hormonal regulation of blood pressure and flow.

Describe how the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump aid in venous return.

Factors Affecting Blood PressureCardiac output ↑ CO = ↑ BP

↓ CO = ↓ BP

Blood volume ↓ Volume = ↓ BP↑ Volume = ↑ BP

Resistance ↑ Resistance = ↓ Flow and ↑ Pressure↓ Resistance = ↑ Flow and ↓ Pressure

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Blood pressure is determined by

Cardiac output

Blood volume

Resistance

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Cardiac output

Heart beats harder = increased cardiac output

Cardiac output increases = BP increases

CONVERSLY

Cardiac output decreases = BP decreases

Exercise stops

Heart is weak

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Blood volume

Blood volume declines = BP Falls

Dehydration

Hemorrhage

Kidneys reduce urine output

Boost blood volume = BP Rises

Peripheral Resistance Friction of blood against walls of vessels

Peripheral vascular system

Diameter

Greatest influence on resistance

Blood

Viscosity

Peripheral Resistance Amount of friction depends upon

Blood viscosity

Greater the viscosity slower it flows

Vessel diameter

Greatest influence on resistance

Peripheral Resistance Force that must be overcome for blood to reach the

tissues.

Lower the peripheral resistance = lower the blood pressure

Necessary or system would collapse

BP must rise to overcome peripheral resistance

Critical Thinking BP declines as it moves away from the heart…

WHY?

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Blood Velocity= Speed

Question

Which condition would you expect to accompany atherosclerosis, a disorder in which arteries lose elasticity and fatty material builds up inside the vessels?

A. Irregular heartbeatB. Low blood pressureC. Increased blood viscosityD. High blood pressure

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

• ↑ BP → Parasympathetic impulses → Vasodilation → ↓

BP

• ↓ BP → Sympathetic impulses → Vasoconstriction →↑ BP

View animation on “Neutral regulation of blood pressure (baroreceptors)"

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure A number of hormones raise blood pressure.

Renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II

Aldosterone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes blood pressure to fall.

Venous Return Fight the forces of gravity

Skeletal muscle

Respiratory pump

Venous ReturnRelaxed skeletal musclesContracted skeletal

muscles

Respiratory Pump

Kahoot.it

Homework Read Chapter 15

Review the Animations on the Davis Website Student Resources

Use the flashcards to prepare for QUIZ

House Call Due 11-22-2016

Quiz 11-22-2016

Test 11-23-2016 Chapter 15 Only

Workbook due 11-23-2016

Lab Presentations 11-23-2016 following TEST