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Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles of Agroecological Intensification in West Africa
Var
a Pr
asad
P.V. Vara PrasadKansas State UniversityE-mail: vara@ksu.edu
J.B. Naab; G.Y. Mahama; R.L. Kanton; (SARI, Ghana)
M. Doumbia; A. Maiga(IER, Mali)
H. Traore; A. Barro(INERA, Burkina)
S. Serifi; S. Souley(INRA, Niger)DO N
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Presentation: Outline
1. West Africa Region: Countries, Poverty, Climate, Sorghum Yields
2. Global Yield Gaps and Post Harvest Losses
3. Agroecological / Sustainable Intensification: Concepts / Components
4. Selected Examples of Land, Soil, Crop, Water, and NutrientManagement Systems – Results
5. Conclusions
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West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty
Percentage of Population <US $2Countries
Wood et al. 2010
Most of population in West Africa is below poverty line and primarily dependent on agriculture for livelihood.DO N
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West Africa: Climate
Hijmans et al. 2005
There is a large variability from north to south for rainfall (<50 mm to >3000 mm) and maximum temperature (>40 to ~30°C).
Most of the region is warm and hot > 35°C.
Annual Maximum TemperaturesAnnual Average Precipitation
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West Africa: Sorghum Productivity and Area
Productivity of grain sorghum is very low < 1 t/ha in most of the region. West Africa is the region with largest sorghum acreage.
Sorghum Harvest Area DensitySorghum Grain Yields
Jalloh et al. 2013 (IFPRI)DO NOT C
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Crop Productivity: Attainable vs. Actual (Yield Gap)
Less than 30% of attainable yields in Africa (large yield gap).Thus, opportunities exists for improving yields.
Example:
Attainable: 6 tonnesActual: 4 tonnesGap = 2 tonnes
Mueller et al. 2012. Nature 490: 254-257
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Annual Global Food Loss / Waste: ~30% (1.3 B tons; $ 1 Trillion)
FAO and UNEP (2011)DO N
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Ecological / Agroecological / Sustainable – Intensification
Ecological Intensification:
Intensification of production systems of increasing food production while minimizing negative effects on the environment (Cassman, 1999)
Agro-Ecological Intensification:
A set of improved input, implements, and practices that produce more output per unit area of input whereby the use efficiency of those inputs is maximized (Vanlauew et al. 2013)
Sustainable Intensification:
Producing more outputs from same area of land while reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing contributions to natural capital and flow of environmental services (Pretty et al. 2011). Substantial growth of yields while protecting or even regenerating natural resources (Pretty et al. 1997; Pretty, 1996).
Wezel et al. 2015. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35: 1283-1295 DO N
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Sustainable Intensification: Components
Socio-Economic Intensification
- Developing markets- Building social capital- Sustainable livelihood- Understanding barriers- Enabling environment
Ecological Intensification
- Cropping (farming) systems- Improved soil & water management- Integrated nutrient management- Diversified systems- Efficient agricultural practices- Integrated pest management
Genetic Intensification
- Higher yield - Resilient to pest & diseases- Resilient to climate change- Improving nutrition- Medicinal value
o Increasing food production from existing farmland while minimizing negativeimpacts on environment and natural resources.
o Takes a holistic approach and addresses all components. Others aspects alsoinclude postharvest losses and food waste; changes in consumer preferences.DO N
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Selected Examples: Our Research and Literature
o Soil/Land Management Systems: Tillage vs. Minimum Tillage or No Tillage
o Cropping Systems: Sole Cropping vs. Rotations / Intercropping / Mixed
o Water Management Systems: Flat Bed vs. Tied Ridges / Contour Ridges
o Nutrient Management Systems: Inorganic; Balanced Nutrients; Integrated Soil Fertility Management (Manure; Compost; Residues; Legumes)
o Soil, Water, Nutrient Management Systems: Zai; Zai + Microdose; + Compost + Nutrients
o Soil / Water Management Systems: Stone Lines; Grass StripsDO NOT C
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Soil/Land Management Systems: Minimum Tillage
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Var
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
Soil/Land Management System: Tillage
Zero / minimum tillage had slightly lower yields (under low input) or higher yields (optimal input) conditions. Weed control (herbicide quality and training) is critical.
Considering labor and fuel costs minimum could be economical/beneficial.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Con
vent
iona
l Ti
llage
Zer
o Ti
llage
Soil/Land Management SystemSource: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
West Africa: Ghana (n = 3)
Low Input Level (N and P) Optimum / High Input Level (N and P)
Con
vent
iona
l Till
age
Zer
o Ti
llage
Soil/Land Management System
−12%
+20%
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Soil/Land Management System: Tillage and Manure
Zero tillage with or without mulch increased grain yields (about 10%) compared to conventional tillage. Addition of poultry manure significantly
increased grain yields (additional 25%).
0
10
20
30
40
50+34%
+9%+11%
% G
rain
Yie
ld In
crea
se O
ver C
ontro
l
Zero Tillage with Mulch
Zero Tillage + Poultry Manure
Zero Tillage without Mulch
Zero Tillage; No Mulch + Poultry Manure
Soil/Land Management System
Agbede and Ojeniyi, 2009, Soil & Tillage Research 104: 74-81
West Africa: Nigeria (n = 6; Experiments)
Control: Ploughing +37%
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Crop Management Systems: Crop Rotations and Intercropping
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
+63%
Cereal legume rotation or intercropping significantly increased grain yields compared to sole continuous cropping of sorghum.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Cropping System
Con
tinuo
us
Sorg
hum
Sorg
hum
afte
r a le
gum
e
West Africa: Ghana (Cowpea); n=2
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Cropping System: Rotation / Intercropping
Cow
pea
–So
rghu
mR
otat
ion
Cow
pea
+ So
rghu
mIn
terc
ropp
ing
Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
+100%
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0
400
800
1200
1600
Sorghum rotations with grain legumes slightly improved grain yields. Responses varied based on the soil conditions.
Sorg
hum
Gai
n Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Cropping System
Con
tinuo
us S
orgh
um
Franke et al. 2017, Agric. Ecosystem Environ. So
rghu
m –
Legu
mes
West Africa: Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger (n=25 experiments)Common Grain Legumes (Cowpea and Groundnut)
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Cropping System: Rotation (Grain Legumes)
+12%
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Legume (e.g. cowpea, sesbania, dolichos) rotation and residue management significantly improved grain yield of sorghum.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Crop Rotation and Residue Management0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Kouyate et al. 2000; Plant and Soil 225:141-151.
West Africa: Mali, n= 2 years
Sorg
hum
/ So
rghu
m:
+ R
esid
ue L
eft
Sorg
hum
/ So
rghu
m:
No
Res
idue
Cow
pea
/ Sor
ghum
Rot
atio
n:
No
Res
idue
Sesb
ania
/ Sor
ghum
Rot
atio
n:
+ Se
sban
iaR
esid
ue
Dol
icho
s/ S
orgh
um R
otat
ion:
+ D
olic
hos
Res
idue
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Cropping System: Rotation and Residue
+76%
+45%
+81%
Continuous - Sorghum
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Water Management Systems: Tied Ridges; and Contour Ridges
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Tied ridges significantly increased grain yield of sorghum. Primary benefits include water harvesting and infiltration.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Water Management System
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
Flat Tied Ridges
West Africa: Niger (loamy/sand soil), n = 3
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Water Management System: Tied Ridges
Source: S. Souley / S. Sirifi
+192%
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Tied ridges were more effective and produced 10% higher yields than traditional ridges.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Water Management System
0
400
800
1200
Ridge Tied ridge
Kouyate et al. 2000; Plant and Soil 225:141-151.
West Africa: Mali (loamy sand soil), n= 2 years
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Water Management System: Tied Ridges
+10%
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Contour ridges increased sorghum grain yields due to improved water and soil conservation.
Traore et al. 2017, Agric. & Food Secur. 6:11
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2012 2013 2014
Control Contour Ridges
+ 12%
+43%
+39%
a a b
a b
a
West Africa: Mali (n = 3 years)
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Var
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asad
Water Management System: Contour Ridges
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Nutrient Management Systems: Microdose; Composting; and Nutrients
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Microdose fertilizer increased grain yields over spread of lower recommended fertilizer rate. Additional P further enhanced grain yields.
181
236
379
0
100
200
300
400
500%
Gra
in Y
ield
Incr
ease
Ove
r Con
trol
Control : No Fertilizer
Microdose: 4 g hill-1
(19 kg N, P and K ha-1)Low Reccommended Dose:
11 kg N, P, K ha-1 + 23 kg N ha-1 as Urea
@ 45 DAS
Microdose + Low Recommended Dose +
20 kg P ha-1 as TSP at 45 DAS
Pale et al. 2009; S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 26: 91-97
West Africa : Burkina Faso, n= 3 years
Nutrient Management System
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asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Microdose + Nutrients
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Application of inorganic N up to 90 kg per ha increased yields. Further increase lowered the benefits probably due to soil acidity.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Inorganic Fertilizer Rate (kg ha-1)
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Fertilizer (Nitrogen)
0 30 60 90 120Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
+53% +60%
+150%
+65%
West Africa: Ghana
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0
400
800
1200
1600
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Inorganic Fertilizer Rate (kg ha-1)
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Fertilizer (Phosphorus)
0 40 N 26 P 40 N + 26 P
Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
Application of P alone significantly increased yields. These benefits were greater than combined doses of N and P.
+18%
+72%
+55%
West Africa: Ghana
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Improved nutrient management significantly increased sorghum yield.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
All practiceNP
NP
Microdose
LegumeManure
Org. matt. amendmentMixed amendment
(165)(20)
(5)(43)
(18)(36)
(13)(13)
(12)
Percent Change in Yield Over No Nutrients Input
Man
agem
ent C
ateg
ory
Source: Tonitto and Ricker-Gilbert, 2016. Agron. Sustain., Dev. 36:10
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Nutrient Management Systems: Summary
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Soil and Water Conservation: Stone Lines and Grass Strips
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asad
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Water and soil conservation techniques improved grain yield of sorghum. Greater responses in improved genotypes.
Source: H. Traore
0
700
1400
2100
2800
3500
Con
trol
West Africa: Burkina Faso
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Soil Conservation System
Var
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asad
Ston
e L
ines
Gra
ss S
trip
s
Con
trol
Ston
e L
ines
Gra
ss S
trip
s
Local Genotype Improved Genotype
Soil and Water Management: Stones and Grass Strips
+13% +21%
+13% +8%
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Zai Pits along with additional nutrient management (compost and/or inorganic fertilizer) significantly increased sorghum yield.
Source: Zougmore et al. 2014, Agric. & Food Secur. 3 :16
28
63
80
0
25
50
75
100
94Z
aiPi
ts
Pits
+ N
eem
Lea
ves
Pits
+ C
ompo
st
Pits
+ M
iner
al F
ertil
izer
Pits
+ C
ompo
st +
Min
eral
Fer
tiliz
er
West Africa: Mali (n = 2 years)
Control : No pits
% G
rain
Yie
ld In
crea
se O
ver C
ontro
l
Soil, Nutrient and Water Management System
Var
a Pr
asad
System: Zai Pits (Land + Soil + Water + Nutrients)
93
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Use of contour ridging (ACN), nutrient management and crop residue increased crop yields (>40%) and soil carbon (30 to 80%).
Tillage practice did not influence yield and soil carbon.
Improved Management System: Summary (~3 to 5 yrs)
M. Doumbia, IER, Mali
West Africa: Mali
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Conclusions
o Large yield gaps (attainable – actual yields) exists for most of graincrops including sorghum.
o Major cause is lack of appropriate management practices (improvedinputs; poor soil health; harvest and postharvest losses).
o Several opportunities exists for use of improved and appropriate land,soil, crop, water and nutrient management systems to significantlyincreased yields.
o Understanding barriers of adoption of innovations and creating enablingenvironment for adoption and scaling of innovation is important.
o Participatory approaches, understanding social networks, decisionmaking process and building social capital will be critical.
o Requires transdisciplinary approaches, capacity building of completevalue chain, human resources and institutions.DO N
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Acknowledgements
Ghana Burkina Faso
Niger
Mali
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Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification (SIIL)
P.V. Vara Prasad
Director and Distinguished Professor
E-mail: vara@ksu.edu
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