urban & peri-urban farming as pathways to agricultural ...€¦ · outputs/products • low...

Urban & peri-urban farming as pathways to agricultural

transformations

Molly Anderson Middlebury College (USA) & IPES-Food

Sustainable food systems

Sustainable food system

Vibrant local economy

Good health

Culturally appropriate

Social equity

Environmentally sustainable

Working approach: Transdisciplinary - Political economy

www.ipes-food.org

What is wrong with our food systems?

• Triple burden of malnutrition • Hunger, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity & NCDs

• Environmentally unsustainable • Biodiversity losses, water pollution, soil degradation, GHG

emissions, unsustainable use of natural resources, low resilience

• Social inequities • Poverty, disempowerment

• Loss of cultural values, direct relationship between people and food, people and land

• Directly associated with reliance on industrial agriculture

Questions considered: What are the outcomes of

industrial agriculture and diversified agroecological systems?

What is keeping industrial agriculture in place?

How can the balance be shifted?

Industrial vs diversified agroecological systems

Conventional/industrial • Mainly monocultures,

concentrated animal feedlots

• Genetically uniform varieties and specialized breeds

• Vertical and horizontal segregation of product chains

• Highly mechanized, labor saving with use of seasonal labor at peak times (e.g. harvest)

Diversified agroecological • Temporal & spatial diversification

at plot, farm & landscape level

• Less uniform, locally adapted varieties and breeds

• Integrated systems with natural synergies

• More labor intensive, all year round employment with better employment conditions

Industrial vs diversified agroecological systems (continued)

Conventional/industrial

• Maximization of yield/ha from a single/few product(s)

• Intensive use of external/synthetic inputs

• Large volumes of homogenous products for national and international markets through long value chains

Diversified agroecological • Maximization of multiple

outputs/products • Low external inputs, nutrient

cycling, circular economy • Wide range of diverse

products, often marketed through short value chains. Multiple sources of production, income and livelihoods.

Outcomes of organic agriculture: productivity

“Overall, organic yields are typically lower than conventional yields. But these yield differences are highly contextual …, and range from 5% lower organic yields to 34% lower yields” (Seufert et al. 2012) Increased yield in 17% of comparisons for organic agriculture and 87% of comparisons for SRI (Garbach et al. 2016)

Note that most comparisons are done over short periods!

Outcomes of diversified agroecological systems: productivity & resilience

30 year comparison of organic/conventional

What diversified agroecological systems can bring

Environmental Ecosystem services Biodiversity

Economic Productivity and income Resilience and stability

Health: Better nutrition and healthy environment, lower occupational hazards

Social: Decent livelihoods

Cultural: Respect for cultural preferences and knowledge

Environmental benefits

Keep/put carbon in the soil: turn agriculture into a solution rather than a problem (now emits between)

Restore degraded land

Improve ecosystem services • Water and nutrient cycling

• Pollination

• Pest and disease management

Outcomes of diversified agroecological systems: boosting biodiversity

Nutrition and health benefits

Elimination of negative health outcomes of

industrial agriculture due to pesticides, antibiotics

Diverse, healthy diets

Increased levels of beneficial

nutrients, such as omega-3

fatty acids antioxidants

Social and cultural benefits

Social: More employment Employment throughout the year Closer links with consumers through

local or regional markets

Cultural:

Cultivation of diversity of traditional crops Integration of traditional knowledge

But…

Why do we not see a major transition

towards diversified agroecological systems,

given the expanding evidence that they can

deliver on all dimensions of sustainable

food systems?

The political economy of food systems

What prevents change: 8 Lock-ins

Market concentration in multiple sectors

• 3 companies control 50% of commercial seed market

• 7 companies control majority of fertilizer sales

• 5 companies share 68% of agrochemical market

• 4 firms account for 97% of private R&D in poultry

• 4 firms control up to 90% of the global grain trade

65% ?

X

Changing the system

Emerging opportunities for the transition to diversified agroecological systems

• Global recognition of agroecology(MEA, IAASTD, FAO, 10YFP)

• Changing policies (Brazil, Cuba, France)

• Emerging multi-actor initiatives (FPCs)

• Integrated food systems science

• Peer-to-peer and participatory action research

• Healthy eating and sustainable sourcing

• Short supply chains, integrated territorial markets that operate at the city-region unit

• Rise of urban and peri-urban agriculture

Urban & peri-urban agriculture in the US

Meaning(s) of agroecology

• Application of ecological principles to agriculture • Set of practices • Philosophy • Social movement

Source: Gliessman 1998

Emerging social principles of agroecology

What urban & peri-urban agriculture bring to agroecology

• Food security • Supplemental income • Greater connection to land/food production • Improved dietary diversity • Potential for social connections • Support for cultural values and

culturally appropriate foods

Urban and peri-urban agriculture can rebuild the relational aspects of agri-culture, thereby letting people participate directly in agroecology but also fostering greater appreciation for it

Recommendations from IPES-Food report * 1. Develop new indicators for sustainable food systems.

2. Shift public support towards diversified agroecological production systems.

3. Support short supply chains & alternative retail infrastructures.

4. Use public procurement to support local agroecological produce.

5. Strengthen movements that unify diverse constituencies around agroecology.

6. Mainstream agroecology and holistic food systems approaches into education and research agendas.

7. Develop food planning processes and ‘food policies’ at all levels from local to international.

* Note that ALL apply to urban and peri-urban agriculture.

Thank you!

www.ipes-food.org