university of sunderland cifm02 unit 2 comm02 activity planning unit 2

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

COMM02COMM02

Activity Planning Activity Planning

Unit 2Unit 2

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Introduction 1Introduction 1

• The unit will cover several methods– Precedence analysis– Gantt Charts– PERT / CPA

• On Arrow Networks• Precedence Networks

• Also …..– Microsoft Project will be covered in labs

• This is based on Gantt Charts and Precedence Networks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Introduction 2Introduction 2

– Activity Planning will help to:• ensure that the appropriate resources will be available

precisely when required• avoid different activities competing for the same

resource at the same time• produce a detailed schedule showing which staff carry

out each activity• Produce a detailed plan against which actual

achievement may be measured• produce a timed forecast• re-plan the project during its life to correct drift from a

target

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence analysisPrecedence analysis

• Must be done before an activity plan can be produced

• Reviews the activities that are to be carried out

• Decides what activities must be carried out before particular activity can start

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

• Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917

• Gantt charts are easy to use and produce

• They are very useful for use on less complex projects

• Commonly used due to there simplicity

• Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6Task 1Task 2Task 3Task 4Task 5Task 6

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

• Draw the following Gantt chart

Tasks Precedence Time

a - 5 days

b - 4 days

c a 6 days

d b 2 days

e b 5 days

f c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Gantt ChartsGantt Charts

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4Task aTask bTask cTask dTask eTask f

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• PERT• The Program Evaluation and Review Technique

• Developed by:– US Navy with– BOOZ-Allen Hamilton and– Lockheed Corporation for the– Polaris missile/submarine project in 1958

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• CPM• Critical Path Method

– Also know as CPA• Critical Path Analysis

• Developed by– DuPont Inc in the– Late fifties early sixties to facilitate– building of complex process plant

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• PERT– developed for use on R&D projects

• CPM– developed for use in construction projects

• When developed the two techniques were very similar

• Now there is virtually no difference between the two

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network planning Network planning modelsmodels

• A simple on arrow network model

1

2

3

4

5

5

5

Start End

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Activity– A specific task, uses resources takes time to

complete

• Event– The result of completing an activity– Events use no resources– They are instances in time, points on the

network, conditions of a system that can be recognised

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Network– The combination or all activities (often drawn as

lines) and events (often drawn as nodes at the beginning and end of each line) defines the project and the activity precedence relationship.

– Arrow heads placed on the lines indicate the direction of flow. Before and an event can be realised all the activities that immediately precede it must be completed

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• Path– The series of connected activities (or

intermediate events) between any two events in a network

• Critical– Activities, events, or paths, which, if delayed, will

delay the completion of the project– A project’s critical path is understood to mean

that sequence of critical activities (and critical events) that connect the project’s start event to its finish event

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

TerminologyTerminology

• On Arrow Network diagram showing critical path in red

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Time moves from left to right

• Nodes are numbered sequentially

• A network may not contain loops

• A network may not contain dangles

• Precedents are the immediate preceding activities

• Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Time moves from left to right

• Nodes are numbered sequentially

1 2 3a b

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• A network may not contain loops

1 2 3

4

This is not allowed

ab

cd

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• A network may not contain dangles

1 2 3

4This is not allowed

a b

c

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Precedents are the immediate preceding activities

1 2 3Design Build

4Commission

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Network syntaxNetwork syntax

• Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

1 2 3 Wrong

1

2

43

Right

a

b

c

a

b c

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Draw the following as an on arrow network

Tasks Precedence Time

a - 5 days

b - 4 days

c a 6 days

d b 2 days

e b 5 days

f c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• How to start …..

1

2

3

start

a

b

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• What not to do

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

6

c

d

e

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• A better way ……

1

2

3

start

a

b

c

d

e

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• It is then less confusing that c & d go to the same event … but what about e & f ?

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

6c

d

e

f

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• The completed on arrow network ….

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

c

de

f

end

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Another on arrow network to drawTasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• The network with activity times added

1 3 4 6

2

5

A=6C=3

B=4 D=4

F=10

E=3

G=3

H=2

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

On Arrow NetworksOn Arrow Networks

• Each event circle can contain the information below

Eventnumber

Earliestdate

Latestdate

SlackEvent

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Event numbersEvent numbers

1

2

3 4

5

6

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Timed activitiesTimed activities

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Forward passForward pass

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Backward passBackward pass

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

70

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Event, Slack and Event, Slack and Activity FloatActivity Float

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

700

2

3 2

0

0

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

The Complete On Arrow The Complete On Arrow NetworkNetwork

1

2

3 4

5

6

A=6

B=4 D=4

C=3

E=3

F=10

H=2

G=3

0

6

4 9

10

13 1311

10

8

700

2

3 2

0

0

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Precedence network also known as Activity on Node

• Becoming more common as it is used by many project planning software packages

• Often preferred by project managers

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Syntax the same as for On Arrow networks– Except there are no dummy activities

• Precedence networks must start with a start node and end with a end node

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• A simple precedence network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network

1

2

3

4

5

5

5

Start End

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• A simple precedence network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

g

h

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Draw the following as an Precedence network

Tasks Precedence Timea - 5 daysb - 4 daysc a 6 daysd b 2 dayse b 5 daysf c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

• The same network drawn as an On Arrow Network

1

2

3

start

a

b

4

5

c

de

f

end

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Another on precedence network to drawTasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

h

g

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

• This is the same network drawn as an On Arrow network

1 3 4 6

2

5

A=6C=3

B=4 D=4

F=10

E=3

G=3

H=2

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• The completed Precedence Network

Start End

a

b

d

c

e

f

h

g

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Adding more information to the node

ES D EF

LS F LF

Earlieststart

Duration EarliestFinish

LatestStart

LatestFinish

Float

Description

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Redraw the following with complete information in each node box

Tasks Precedence Timea - 5 daysb - 4 daysc a 6 daysd b 2 dayse b 5 daysf c,d 8 days

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Precedence NetworksPrecedence Networks

• Redraw the following with complete information in each node box

Tasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc a 3 weeksd b 4 weekse b 3 weeksf - 10 weeksg e,f 3 weeksh c,d 2 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

ConclusionConclusion

• Activity Planning

– Precedence analysis

– On Arrow networks

– Precedence networks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Exercise 1Exercise 1

Tasks Precedence Timea - 6 weeksb - 4 weeksc - 3 weeksd a 4 weekse b 3 weeksf b 2 weeksg c 3 weeksh d,e 2 weeksi f 1 weekj g,i 2 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Exercise 2Exercise 2

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b - 5 weeks• c a 7 weeks• d b 5 weeks• e c, d 6 weeks• f b 4 weeks• g b 8 weeks• h c, d 4 weeks• i e, f 3 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Exercise 3Exercise 3• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 2 weeks• b - 4 weeks• c - 3 weeks• d a 3 weeks• e a 5 weeks• f c 6 weeks• g c 4 weeks• h d 4 weeks• i d 8 week• j b, e, f, i 2 weeks• k - 4 weeks• l g, k 3 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Exercise 4Exercise 4

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b a 5 weeks• c a 3 weeks• d c 1 weeks• e b 3 weeks• f b, d 4 weeks• g c 2 weeks• h g, f 3 weeks• i e, h 1 weeks

University of Sunderland CIFM02 Unit 2

Exercise 5Exercise 5

• Tasks Precedence Time• a - 3 weeks• b - 5 weeks• c a 14 weeks• d a 5 weeks• e b 4 weeks• f b 7 weeks• g d, e 8 weeks• h g, f 5 weeks