unit 5 skeletal system 5.1 bones: an overview · title: nerve activates contraction author: karl...
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.1 BONES: AN OVERVIEW
Unit 5 Skeletal System
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Section Objectives
Identify the major structures and functions of
the skeletal system.
Differentiate between the two divisions (axial
and appendicular) of the skeleton.
Identify and describe the 4 types of bone
shapes and provide examples of each.
Explain the 3 functional roles of bone
markings.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.1 Discussion Preview
Divisions of the Skeleton
Bone Shapes
Bone Markings
Bone Development
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal System
STRUCTURES
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments: attach bone to
bone
FUNCTIONS
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Anchor for skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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Skeletal System Organization
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
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Divisions of the
Skeleton• Axial Skeleton
• “AXIS”: an imaginary
line that something turns
around
• Appendicular Skeleton
• “APPENDAGE”: a part
of the body that is
attached to the trunk
• Which color is which?
• ON YOUR DIAGRAM:
• Label each view
(anatomical language).
• Create a color key and
color in the axial and
appendicular divisions of
the skeleton.Figure 5.6
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Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton: forms long axis of
the body
Includes bones of the skull, vertebral
column, rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton: Includes
bones of the upper and lower limbs and the
girdles that attach the limbs to the axial
skeleton
Girdle: something that encircles,
like a belt
Pectoral (shoulder)
Pelvic (hip)
AXIAL
APPENDICULAR
Pectoral Girdle
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Divisions of the Skeleton
AXIAL
Cranium/cranial bones
Facial bones
Sternum
Hyoid
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
APPENDICULAR
Scapulae
Clavicles
Humeruses
Radii
Ulnas
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Ossa coxae
Femurs
Patellas
Tibias
Fibulas
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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BONE SHAPES
Identify and label on your diagram as we go along.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Examples: Carpals
On your diagram, identify 1
additional example of short
bones.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Example: Parietal bone
(cranium)
In your notes, identify 2
additional examples of flat
bones.
Flat Bones
Sternum Ribs
Scapulae Most Skull Bones
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both
ends
Example: humerus
On your diagram, identify 4 additional
examples of long bones.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
Example: Vertebrae
In your notes, identify 1
additional example of an
irregular bones.
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Classification of Bones by Shape
Figure 5.1
Create a color key on your diagram for the different classes of bone shape.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Markings
Surface features of bones
Categories
Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
1. Muscle/ligament attachment
2. Articular Surfaces
3. Depressions /Passageways: blood vessels and
nerves
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Bone Markings
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Bone Markings
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BONE DEVELOPMENT
How do the bones of the skeletal system grow and change?
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Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton
is primarily hyaline
cartilage
Until Week 8
During development,
much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in
isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures may be treated by splinting
secure (a broken limb) with strips of rigid material
Bone Fractures
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Splinting a Bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
In your notes, use only 2-3 words to describe each type of
fracture.
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Repair of Bone Fractures
1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5
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