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MONOTHEISTIC WORLD RELIGIONS

UNIT 2 NOTES

MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS

Monotheistic:• Belief in a single god

• Comes from the Greek words:• Mono-“one”

• Theism- “god-worship”

3 Monotheistic Religions:

• Judaism

• Christianity

• Islam

JUDAISM- CH. 3 SECTION 4 HISTORY

2000-600 B.C.

• Hebrews later called the Jews

• Hebrews Settled in Canaan, also known as ancient Palestine/ Modern day Israel

• According to the Bible, Canaan was the land God had promised the Hebrew people.

• See Map on page 78

• Palestine connected Asia and Africa• Assyrians, Babylonians and Egyptians

• Great Seaports

CANAAN 1250 B.C. – 1050 B.C.

BACKGROUND

Torah

• First five books of the Hebrew Bible• Christians respect them as part of the Old Testament

• Abraham- “father” of the Hebrew people• 1800 B.C. Abraham moves from Ur (Mesopotamia) to Canaan

• 1650 B.C Abrahams descendants move to Egypt

BACKGROUND

• While in Egypt- Hebrews forced into slaveryMoses and “the Exodus”:

• Between 1300-1200 B.C. Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt

• New Covenant- Ten Commandments -Basis for the civil and religious laws of Judaism

Kingdom of Israel:• Hebrews came to be called Jews and their religion, Judaism• 1020-922 B.C. Hebrews unite under 3 kings:

Saul, David & Solomon, Kingdom called IsraelCaptivity:

• 738 B.C. starts a wave of sieges by Assyrians and Babylonians, Greeks and Romans

****Diaspora- Dispersal of the Jews A.D. 132 Read Global Impact Page170

KINGDOM OF ISRAEL

CURRENT

• 1939 -Jewish population reaches historical peak 17 million (0.8% of global population)

• Holocaust reduced Jewish population to11 million

Present Day:• 2013 - JEWS (MIDDLE EAST, WORLD WIDE) 13.9

MILLION (0.2%)• Typically well developed countries • Israel & United States account for 82% of population• Still waiting for Messiah

CHRISTIANITYCH 6 SECTION 3

History

• 6 – 4 B.C.: Jew named Jesus was born

• Jesus teachings contained Jewish traditions

Monotheism, Ten Commandments

• Teachings in the Gospels: First four books of the New Testament of the BIBLE

• Jesus’ disciples or pupils: 12 men called apostles

• Jesus becomes the Messiah and referred to as Jesus Christ

• Jesus – Son of God

CHRISTIANITY

CHRISTIANITYPEOPLE

• Apostle Paul- Spread and interpreted Jesus’ teachings

• Roman Emperor Constantine- A.D. 313 ended persecution of Christians

-Declared Christianity as a “approved” religion for the empire

-Christianity continues to gain strength, 3

-A.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius made it the empire’s official Religion

• Priests-led each small group of Christians

• Bishops- Supervised local churches

• Apostle Peter- First Bishop of Rome

• Pope- Father or head of the Christian Church

CONSTANTINE THEODOSIUS

CHRISTIANITYCURRENT

• 2 Billion followers today

• Most Christians are members of 1 of 3 major groups: • Roman Catholic

• Protestant

• Eastern Orthodox

• page 287 Major Christian Sects

CHRISTIANITY CURRENT

ISLAMCH. 10 SECTION 1-2

A.D. 600-1250

• A.D. 600 Middle East- Trade routes through Arabian peninsula connected Africa, Europe, Asia

• Page 264

• Mecca- Holy City where people stopped and worshiped at the Ka'aba

• Concept of belief in one God, called Allah

MIDDLE EAST TRADE ROUTES A.D. 570

ISLAM BACKGROUND/HISTORY

• Muhammad- Born in Mecca around A.D. 570

• Age 40 angel Gabriel spoke to Muhammad

• Muhammad was the messenger of Allah

• By A.D. 613-Began to teach and spread Islam

• Islam means "submission to the will of Allah"

• Muslim means "one who has submitted"

• A.D. 622 Muhammad moves to Medina

• A.D. 630 Returns back to Mecca with 10,000 followers

• Unites Medina and Mecca under Islam

• Age of 62 Muhammad dies- Unified the Arabian Peninsula under Islam

Spread of Islam A.D. 624

SPREAD OF ISLAM DURING AND AFTER MUHAMMAD'S DEATH

MID A.D. 600S

ISLAM: BELIEFS & PRACTICES• MONOTHEISTIC• Qur'an – HOLY BOOK• WORD OF ALLAH – TOLD BY MUHAMMAD

• Sunni- Muhammad's example• -Shari'a- Body of laws

• FIVE PILLARS• 1) CONFESSION OF ONE GOD, MUHAMMAD IS

PROPHET• 2) PRAY 5 TIMES A DAY (FACING MECCA)• 3) GIVE ALMS

• 2.5% OF ANNUAL INCOME TO POOR• 4) FAST DURING MONTH OF RAMADAN (NINTH MONTH)

• FOOD, WATER, TOBACCO, SEX, AND DESIRES FROM DAWN UNTIL SUNSET

• 5) PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (HAJJ)• Ka'aba (SHRINE)

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

ISLAM: MUHAMMAD'S SUCCESSOR

• MUHAMMAD – DEATH A.D. 632• Caliph- title means "successor" or "deputy"

• Abu- Bakr and next 3 Caliph's spread Islam• By A.D. 750 Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles (pg. 261)

• Umayyads came to power- moved Muslim Capital from Mecca to Damascus (modern day Syria)

•DIVISION – SUCCESSOR page 271• Shi'a- Members called Shi'ites

• SUCCESSOR – MUST be DESCENDANTS OF MUHAMMAD (ALI – 4TH CALIPH)

• Sunni- • CALIPH (LEADER) – CHOSEN BY MUSLIM COMMUNITY (ABU

BAKR)

SUNNI - GREENSHIITE - BLUE

ISLAM CURRENT

• Islam growing rapidly

CHAPTER 8

AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

1500 BC - AD 700

DesertSavannahRain forest

Impact of geography?

Settlement & population

- Where are the largest populations?

**No large empires - hard to unite due to diversity

**Most Africans remained hunter-gatherers!!!

8:1 DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICA

Waterfalls and Rapids● Navigation hard● Isolated groups from trade,

other people

Sahara and Kalahari● Hampered movement of people● Too hostile for people to inhabit● Sahel - southern edge of

Sahara

8:1 DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICAMediterranean coastal

areas● Fertile land, temperate

climate supported people● Farmers, herders

(pastoralists) along northern coast

Tsetse fly● No use of draft animals

near rainforest● Couldn’t colonize infested

areas

Fertile land and savannas● Supported farming, herding● Healthier populations, higher birthrates

8:1 DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICASan of the Kalahari

● Remained hunter-gatherer (it worked!)

● Learned to use resources

Nok people● West Africa's earliest

known culture● Farmed, smelted iron for

tools, weapons

Djenne-Djeno● Fished in Niger River, grew

rice, herded cattle● Traded on Niger and

overland camel routes

8:1 DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICA

Extended family – social unit

Clan - groups with a common ancestry

Animism – Early religion-spirits in plants, animals,

natural forces; take the form of their dead ancestors

Griots -● storytellers, oral history● many languages, not

written down

8:2 MIGRATION- PUSH-PULL

2. What factors cause migration?

● Environmental● Economic● Political● Social

3.Push Examples: Climate Change, No resources, Disasters, Unemployment, persecution & War

Pull Examples: Land, New resources, good climate, jobs, freedom

1. A permanent move from one country/region to another.

8:2 BANTU MIGRATIONS IN AFRICA

What does Bantu mean? People

Who were the Bantu?o 3000 BC to AD 1500oOrigin: Savanna south of Sahara (modern day Nigeria)oMigrated South and Southeast – Farming

techniques used by the Bantu forced them to migrate every few years.

1. What geographic features did they encounter?● Rain forest, Kalahari, lakes, rivers2. Why didn't they go northward? ● Sahara Desert3. What directions did they go and why? ● South & Southeast To avoid the rainforest4. How would things have been different without iron

weapons?● Would have assimilated into other cultures or taken over● Could not farm and sustain their culture5. How did they deal with problems?● Adapted old ways (farming, metalworking) to new

environment, learned new ways6. How did the Bantu migrations change history of Africa?● Brought new techniques: metalworking, agriculture,

language to southern Africa (60 million Africans speak a Bantu lang.)

CH. 8:3 AKSUM

*City of Adulismost important trade city.

MUSLIM EXPANSION 600S - 700S (CUT OFF AKSUM)

Aksum

CH 12 CHINESE DYNASTIES QinHanSui

Tang Song

Sothern SongYuan Ming

QIN DYNASTY 221-202 B.C.CH. 4 SEC 4

• Replaced Zhou Dynasty

• Leader: Shi Huangdi means “First Emperor”• Doubled Chinas size

• Murdered hundreds of Confucian Scholars

• Burned “useless” Confucian books

• Started Centralized Government• Built Highway system

• Page 108 Great Wall of China

QIN DYNASTY 221 B.C.

HAN DYNASTY 202 B.C- A.D. 220CH. 7 SECTION 3

• Major Influence, even today-• Many people today call themselves “people of the Han”

• Continued Centralized Government• Lower Taxes

• Softer Punishments

• Conquer/expand by WAR 141 B.C. page 201 (map)

• Highly Structured Society page 202• Emperor has DIVINE AUTHORITY

• Built roads, canals, irrigation ditches

• Expanded Great Wall

• Confucianism BACK• Civil Service Jobs – Intelligent, capable governing class in China

HAN DYNASTY 202 B.C.

HAN DYNASTY 202 B.C- A.D. 220

• Technology Revolutionizes China• A.D. 105 paper invented

• Collar Harness

• Plows

• Population Grew to 60 million

• Silk Road Grows- page 204

HAN DYNASTY – SILK ROAD

FALL OF HAN

• Reasons for Fall:• Bad Leadership• Social Unrest• Peasant Revolts• A.D. 11 Great Flood

LATER HAN A.D. 75• Focused on EXPANSION• SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC weakness

• Unrest, Economic imbalance

• A.D. 220 HAN disintegrated into 3 Rival Kingdoms

SUI DYNASTYA.D. 581- 618 PG. 323

• A.D. 589 Emperor Wendi unites northern and southern China for the 1st time in 350 years

• Rebuilt Great Wall• Thousands died

• People were overworked and revolted in A.D. 618

• BUILT A STRONG FOUNDATION for future dynasties

TANG DYNASTY A.D. 618-907CH. 12 SECTION 1

• Tang Dynasty -STARTS the GOLDEN AGE in CHINA

• China becomes the richest, most powerful and advanced country in the world

• TANG EMPERORS• TANG TAIZONG (A.D. 626-649)

• Wh Zhao (only female emperor in Chinese history)

• Empire Expands- reconquering lost Chinese lands• A.D. 668 Tang spread influence to Korea (under Empress Wu

• Expanded roads and canals started by the SUI

• Foreign trade increased and improvements in agriculture

TANG DYNASTY A.D. 618-907CH. 12 SECTION 1

• Strengthen Central Government• Civil Service Exams – Benefited wealthy

• Created a very INTELLIGENT governing class

• Tang Lose Power:• Imposed crushing taxes/rebellions- mid A.D. 700’s

• Empire stretched to big- cannot protect it all

• Foreign invasions• A.D. 907 Chines rebels sacked and burned Tang capital

SONG DYNASTY A.D. 960-1279

• A.D. 960 General Taizu unites China under Song Dynasty

• Song ruled smaller empire than the Tang

• China returned to a stable, powerful, prosperous country

• Tried to “pay off” threat to the North

• A.D. 1127- SOUTHERN SONG: Doesn’t work invaders attack Song Dynasty pushed into SOUTHERN China

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:TANG & SONG

• TANG & SONG- Chinese population nearly doubles – 100 million

• By Song dynasty China had 10 cities with over 1 million people

• China was the most advanced country in the WORLD

• INVENTIONS: page 328• 1. Movable type- used for printing

• 2. GUNPOWDER

• 3. Porcelain

• 4. Paper Money

• 5. Magnetic Compass (sailing)leads to Sea Power

• 6. New Rice = more food

• 7. SEA TRADE expands = more port cities

TANG & SONG SOCIETY

Civil Service System• Larger upper class emerges

• GENTRY CLASS- powerful, well- to -do people

• Status through education & civil service positions

• Urban middle class:• Merchants, shopkeepers, skilled artisans

• Urban Bottom Class• Laborers, soldiers, servants

• Peasants:• Largest class by far, lived in the countryside

• Women's Status: Subservient to MEN

THE MONGOL CONQUESTA.D. 1226

CH. 12 SECTION 2

•Genghis Khan- united Mongols for 1st time in history : A.D. 1226

• Next 21 years CONQUERING Most of Asia• Mongols were - Nomadic Pastoralists • Wanted to conquer all of China but never did

• Was a BRILLIANT organizer & gifted strategist - Used armies of 10,000

• SKILLED Horseman page 332• Used Cruelty as a weapon-terrifying enemies to surrender• Dies in A.D. 1227 from Illness• Successors continued to expand-Built the largest EMPIRE known

to history• MONGOL RULE:

• Mongols were ferocious in war but tolerant during peace• PAX MONGOLICA- Mongol Peace: mid 1200’s-mid 1300’s

• Mongols impose Stability and Law to Eurasia (Peace & Order)• Safe passage for trade, travelers and missionaries• TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE & ASIA had never been so active

MONGOLS IN CHINAYUAN DYNASTY A.D. 1279- 1368

CH. 12 SECTION 3• KUBLAI KHAN: Genghis Khan’s Grandson

• Took the Title – GREAT KHAN- FOCUS on CHINA

• 1279 Kublai conquered China and began the YUAN Dynasty in China

• United China for the 1st time in more than 300 years

• Considered one of Chinas greatest emperors

• Very prestigious- Built walled Capital (modern Beijing)

• KUBLAI KHAN RULED ALL OF CHINA, KOREA, TIBET, AND VIETNAM

CHINA UNDER THE MONGOLS

• MONGOLS – COULD ONLY SERVE IN MILITARY• MONGOLS – COULD ONLY HOLD THE HIGHEST GOVERNMENT POSITIONS

• CHINESE OFFICIALS – RULE PROVINCES• CHINESE – DESPISED THE MONGOLS• MIX OF CHINESE AND FOREIGN CUSTOMS DEVELOPED• FOREIGNERS WELCOMED INTO CHINA- Marco Polo• CHINESE PRODUCTS – INTRODUCED IN EUROPE

• Silk Road Flourishes

FALL OF THE YUAN DYNASTY &MONGOL RULE

•DEATH OF KUBLAI KHAN – A.D. 1294•CONFUCIAN SCHOLARS SAW LITTLE TO GAIN FROM MONGOLS

• UPRISINGS AGAINST MONGOLS- A.D. 1368

• HEAVY TAXES• CORRUPTION• NATURAL DISASTERS

MONGOLS FAIL TO CONQUER JAPANCH. 12 SECTION 3

• A.D. 1274 & 1281 Kublai Khan sends huge fleets to capture Japan

• 2nd fleet carried 150,000 troops- largest seaborne invasion force in history until WWII

• Japan held off the Mongols for 53 days

• Following day a typhoon swept in and wiped out the Mongols

MING DYNASTY A.D. 1368-1644CH. 19 SECTION 2

• China becomes DOMINANT POWER under the MING DYNASTY

• Tributary States paying Ming Dynasty• Korea, Southeast Asia

• Restored agriculture• Increased rice production

• Improved irrigation

• Cotton, sugar cane, fishing increase

• RETURN to CONFUCIAN MORALS

• Experience Inner CONFLICT & Power Struggles

• CHINA EXPLORATION

• CHINA ISOLATES

FEUDAL POWERS IN JAPANCH. 12 SECTION 4

• Geography of Japan: • 4,000 islands make up Japan• Four Large populated islands• Only 12% is suitable for farming- MUST TRADE• Tidal Waves, Earthquakes are threats

• Early Japan• Hundreds of Clans control their territories• Shinto- Japan’s earliest RELIGION

• Japanese CULTURE• Korean travelers spread Buddhism into Japan• Japan studies China adopts: writing system, government and civil

service system• Japan THRIVES: HEIAN PERIOD- art culture and etiquette• A.D. 794-1185 Very elaborate time period

FEUDALISM IN JAPANA.D. 1192

• Decline of Central Power- Fujiwara Family power declines • Large landowners set up private armies• EMPEROR – HEAD OF FEUDAL SOCIETY

• POWERLESS• FIGUREHEAD

• REAL POWER – SHOGUN• SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER

• 3 MILITARY DYNASTIES THAT WOULD RULE FOR 700 YEARS)

FEUDALISM IN JAPAN• DISTRIBUTED LAND TO VASSAL LORDS KNOWN AS

DAIMYO

•DAIMYO – GRANTED LAND TO LESSER WARRIORS

KNOWN AS SAMURAIS –fighting aristocracy -pg. 342

• Bushido- was the code of behavior the Samurai solider lived by

• VERY HONORABLE ROLE

KOREA A.D. 900-1200CHINESE INFLUENCE

• CULTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES FROM CHINA

• CULTURAL BRIDGE LINKING CHINA AND JAPAN

• KOREA TRIBUTARY STATE• KOREA SAW ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHINA IN CONFUCIAN

TERMS (YOUNGER BROTHER WHO OWED RESPECT AND LOYALTY TO AN OLDER BROTHER)

• ADAPTED AND MODIFIED CHINESE IDEAS• EXAMPLES:

• KOREANS USED THE CHINESE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS, BUT ADAPTED IT TO FIT THEIR OWN SYSTEM

• KOREANS LEARNED TO MAKE PORCELAIN FROM CHINA, THEN PERFECTED TECHNIQUES OF MAKING CELADON

• KOREA TODAY pg. 347 (connect to today)

CH. 13 SECTION 1EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

A.D. 500-1500

• Germanic (Vikings) Tribes conquer ROME• This new era is called: MIDDLE AGES or MEDIVEVAL

PERIOD

AS ROME FELL SO DID:• Trade- invasions destroyed European economy. NO

MONEY• Cities were ABANDONED• Nobles and leaders fled to RURAL areas of Europe.

EUROPE LOST• Learning

• Unlike the Romans the Germanic invaders could not read or write

• Loss of common language

GERMANIC KINGDOMS EMERGE between A.D. 400-600• Small communities governed by unwritten rules--- NO SENSE OF

UNITY

CLOVIS AND THE FRANKS

• Franks Ruled Gaul – Modern Day France/Switzerland• Clovis leader of Franks brought Christianity to Gaul

(France) • 511 AD Clovis united Rome and Gaul into one kingdom• CHRISTIANITY SPREADS- Missionaries and Monasteries

helped bring back a intellectual side in Europe

Clovis

CHARLES MARTEL (AKA CHARLES THE HAMMER)

• 719 AD Major Domo (mayor of palace) was Charles Martel

• Held more power than the king• Was in charge of Royal household• Led armies • Made policy

• Charles Martel defeated the Muslim invaders (Battle of Tours 732)-Makes him a CHRISTIAN HERO!

BATTLE OF THE TOURS A.D. 732

CHARLES MARTEL DIES

• Passed on Power to PEPIN the Short, his son.• Pepin became king• Thus starting the Carolingian Dynasty

• Family that ruled the Franks from 751-987 AD• Pepin the Short GREATLY strengthens Frankish Kingdom.

• He died 768 AD left Kingdom to two sons:-Carloman and Charles

CHARLEMAGNE

• Carloman and Charles- Carloman dies• Leaving kingdom to Charles

• (aka: CHARLEMAGNE or Charles the Great)Built an Empire greater than any since RomeFought Muslims and other Germanic tribesConquered new land to the south and eastSpread ChristianityHE REUNITED WESTERN EUROPE for the 1st time since the

Romans

Charlemagne

CHARLEMAGNE• Was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III – thus joining the

empire and church • Encouraged learning (opened schools)• Charlemagne crowned his only surviving son Louis the

Pious as emperor in 813• Charlemagne died A.D. 814 a great ruler• Louis the Pious =Terrible leader

LOUIS THE PIOUS• He left his 3 sons:

• Charles the Bald, Lothair and Louis the German in charge of empire

• 3 brothers fought over control• 843 AD signed TREATY OF VERDUN

• Divided Empire into 3 parts (one for each son)• As a result they lost unity and control of their lands and

eventually lead to ………

•FEUDALISM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

FEUDALISM IN EUROPECH. 13 SECTION 2

• A.D. 800-1000 invasions in Europe destroy Carolingian Dynasty map page 359 INVASIONS:• Viking• Muslim• Magyar

New SOCIAL ORDER emerges: FEUDALISM page 361• System based on rights & obligations• Military protection exchanged for land• A lord is a landowner• A Manor is the lords estate- Manor system Lord provides for Peasants: page 362• Grants land called a FIEF to a Vassal (wealthy)• Serving below the Vassals were the Knights

• Mounted horsemen pledging to PROTECT/DEFEND lords land in exchange for a FIEF (land)

• Peasants were the SERFS- could not lawfully leave where they were born Tied to the land, labor belonged to the Lord

• A tithe was a church tax that the lords & peasant families paid the village priest

MANOR SYSTEM

AGE OF CHIVALRY

CHAPTER 13SECTION 3

KNIGHTS• Advancements in technology changed warfare

• Leather stirrups and saddles

• Most important part of the army• Feudal lords hired knights (mounted, armored horsemen) to protect their land• Paid in land• Served 40 days a year in battle• Served as the lord’s vassal

CODE OF CHIVALRY•Expected to display loyalty and courage•1100 AD code developed

• Devotion to his earthly lord• Devotion to his heavenly lord• Devotion to his chosen lady

•Started training as a page (7 yrs), the squire (14 yrs), then a knight (21 yrs)

•Traveled, participated in tournaments/mock battles, and fought in real battles

•Castle battles were especially difficult (pg366)• Literature Portrayed very unrealistic

BUBONIC PLAGUE CH. 14 SECTION 4

• “BLACK DEATH”

• PAGE 400

PLAGUE• 1347

• PANDEMIC

• STARTED IN ASIA

• KILLED 1/3 -1/2 OF EUROPE’S POPULATION

• 7000 PER DAY IN SOME CITIES

ORIGINS

• BACTERIA: YERSINIA PESTIS • CARRIED IN RATS• MULTIPLIED BY FLEAS

• PEOPLE DID NOT BATHE

• GARBAGE & SEWAGE• BREEDING GROUNDS FOR RATS

TRANSMISSION

SYMPTOMS

• PAINFUL SWELLINGS IN LYMPH NODES• ARMPITS, GROIN• BUBOES - BURST

• PURPLISH / BLACK SPOTS ON SKIN

• FEVER, CHILLS, VOMITING, DELIRIUM, DEATH (15 DAYS)

EFFECTS

• POPULATION FELL

• TRADE DECLINED / PRICES?• PEASANT REVOLTS (WANTED BETTER WAGES)• JEWS BLAMED (poisoned wells)

• DRIVEN FROM HOMES• MASSACRED

• CHURCH SUFFERED LOSS • PRAYERS FAILED• PRIESTS ABANDONED DUTIES

• 1350 Plague “BURNED ITSELF OUT”COULD SOMETHING LIKE THIS HAPPEN TODAY????

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR1337-1453

• England VS. France

• Fighting to control the French Throne• Fought on French

soil

• French embrace a “Nationalistic” feel• 1421-1453 French

Rally and drove English out of France• Longbow introduced

-Changes warfare