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Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 14
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System
Introduction to A&P
♦ The Human Body- An Orientation
• - study of the
structure and shape of the body and its parts
• - study of how
the body and its parts work or function
♦ Anatomy- Levels of Study
• Anatomy
� Large structures
� Easily observable
• Anatomy
� Very small structures
� Can only be viewed with a
♦ Levels of Structural Organization
• level
� and molecules
• level
� Cells are made of
• level
� Tissues are made of
types of cells
• level
� Organs are different types of
• level
� Different organs make up organ systems
• level
� Organ systems make up organisms
♦ The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
�
�
�
�
♦ Orientation
• Anatomical position
�
� Feet width
� Arms at the
� Palms facing
Anatomical Position
♦ Orientation and Directional Terms
•
� Toward the or upper part
of the body
•
� from the head or upper part
of the body
• Anterior ( )
� Toward or at the of the body;
in front of
• (dorsal)
� Toward or at the of the
body; behind
•
� Toward or at the of
the body; on the inner side of
•
� Away from the midline of the body; on the
side of
•
� Close to the point of
of a limb to the body trunk
•
� from the point
of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 15
♦ Body Planes
• plane (median)
� Divides the body into left and right
• plane (coronal)
� Divides the body into
and posterior
• plane
� Divides the body into superior and
♦ Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity
� cavity
� cavity
• body cavity
� cavity
� Abdominal cavity
� cavity
Life Functions and Survival Needs
♦ Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain
•
� Locomotion
� Movement of
•
� Ability to sense and react
•
� Break-down and delivery of
• - chemical reactions
within the body
� Production of
� Making body structures
•
� Elimination of waste from
reactions
•
� Production of future generation
•
� Increasing of cell and
♦ Survival Needs
•
� Chemicals for and cell building
� Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals
•
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 16
� Required for chemical
•
� % of body weight
� Provides for
reaction
• Stable body
• Atmospheric must be
appropriate
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
♦ Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable
environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
body functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance- a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in
♦ Overview of Homeostasis
•
• detected
•
•
• of effector
♦ Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through
and hormonal control systems
�
* Responds
* Sends information to control center
�
* Determines
* information
* Determines appropriate
�
* Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
♦ Feedback Mechanisms
• feedback
� Most homeostatic control mechanisms
� or reduces
intensity of original stimulus
� Works like a household
• feedback
� Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
� Only occurs in
and birth of a baby
♦ Organ System Overview
•
� Forms the body covering
� Protects deeper tissue from injury
� Synthesizes
� Location of cutaneous receptors
•
� Protects and supports body
� Provides attachment for
movement
� Site of cell formation
� Stores
•
� Allows
� Maintains
� Produces
•
� -acting control system
� Responds to and
external change
� Activates and glands
•
� Secretes regulatory
*
*
*
•
� Transports materials in body via
pumped by heart
*
*
*
*
•
� Returns fluids to vessels
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 17
� Disposes of
� Involved in
•
� Keeps blood supplied with
� Removes
•
� Breaks down
� Allows absorption
into blood
� Eliminates indigestible material
•
� Eliminates wastes
� Maintains balance
� Regulates water and
•
� Production of offspring
Inorganic Compounds
♦ Composition of Matter
• Major elements ( % of the body)
� (C)
� (O)
� (H)
� (N)
• Lesser element
� , Phosphorus
� , Sulfur
� , Chlorine
� , Iodine
�
♦ Molecules and Compounds
• - like atoms combined
chemically
� H + H → H2 molecule
• - different atoms
combined chemically
� 4H + C → CH4 ( )
♦ Chemical Reactions
• bonds
� Atoms
� Requires
• Chemical bonds are
• Atoms
• Energy
♦ Chemical Bonds
• Bonds
� Electrons are transferred from one atom to
another
� Form
•
� particles
* electrons (+)
* electrons (-)
•
� Atoms electrons
� - share one electron
� - share two electrons
• Polarity
� Covalent bonds
*
± Electrically as a
molecule
*
± Have a positive and negative side
• bonds
� chemical bonds
� H+ is attracted to
portion of polar molecule
� Provides between
molecules
♦ Important Inorganic Compounds
• compounds
� Lack
� compounds
� Ex: H2O
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 18
•
� Most inorganic
compound
� Vital properties
* heat capacity
* /solvent properties
* Chemical
*
•
� Include (conduct
current)
� Easily into ions
in water
� Vital to body functions
•
� Release detectable
� Proton
•
� Proton
• Neutralization reaction
� Acids and bases react to form
and a
♦ pH Scale
• Measures relative
of H ions
� pH 7 = neutral
� pH 7 = acidic
� pH above 7 =
• : chemicals that can
regulate pH change
Organic Compounds
♦ compounds
• Contain
• Most are bonded
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
♦
• Contain carbon, , and oxygen
• Sugars and
• Classified by
� saccharides- simple sugars
� saccharides- two simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesis
� saccharides- long chains
simple sugars
• Ratio of C:H:O is
♦
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and
� C and H O
• in water
• Common lipids in the human body
� Neutral fats ( )
* Found in deposits
* Source of stored
�
* Form cell
�
* , bile salts,
vitamin D, some hormones
♦
• Made of acids
� C, O, H, N, and sometimes
• Over of body’s organic matter
� Provides for construction materials for body
tissues
� Vital role in function
• , hormones, and antibodies
♦ Enzymes
• Biological
� Increase rate of reactions
♦ Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
•
� A =
� G =
� C =
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 19
� T = (DNA only)
� U = (RNA only)
• Make and
♦ Deoxyribonucleic acid ( )
• Complimentary bases form
• before cell division
• Instruction for every in
the body
♦ Adenosine triphosphate ( )
� energy used by all cells
� Energy released by breaking
phosphate bond
� Replenished by of food fuel Cell Transport
♦ Cells
• Carry out all
needed to sustain life
• of all living things
• - groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function
♦
• Movement of substance into and out of the cell
• methods
� transport
* No is required
� transport
* The cell must provide
♦ Solutions
• mixture of two or
more components
� - dissolving medium
� - smaller quantities
within a solution
• fluid- inside the cell
• fluid- outside the cell
♦ Types of Solutions
• more solutes than
inside the cells
• less solutes than
inside the cells
• Isotonic same number of solutes as inside the cells
♦ Selective
• Cell allows some
materials to pass and not others
• Into or out of the cell
♦ Transport Processes
•
� Particles tend to distribute themselves
w/i a solution
� Movement from concentration
to concentration (down a
concentration gradient)
� Types of
* diffusion
± process
± Solutes are or small
enough to pass through membrane pores
• - simple diffusion of water
� Highly water easily crosses
the plasma membrane
• diffusion
� Substances require a carrier
•
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 20
� Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid (
pressure)
� Pressure must exist
* Fluid pushed from high pressure to lower
pressure area
♦ Transport
• Substances that are to pass
by diffusion because they may
� Are
� Not able to in the fat
of the membrane
� Have to move against a concentration gradient
• Solute
� , some
and
� ATP energizes protein carriers; moves
substances concentration
gradients
• transport
�
* the cell
* Carried in a vesicle
± Vesicle to plasma
membrane
± Vesicle with
plasma membrane
± Material is emptied to the
�
* Extracellular substances engulfed by cell
* Types
± - cell eating
± - cell drinking
Tissue Types
♦ Body
• specialized for specific functions
• Tissues
� Cells with similar
and
� Four primary types
*
*
* tissue
* tissue
♦ Epithelial Tissues
• Locations
� Body
� Body
� tissue
• Functions
�
�
�
�
• Characteristics
� Cells fit together
� Tissue always has one surface
� Lower surface bound by a
membrane
� (have no
blood supply)
� easily if well
nourished
• Classification
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 21
� of cell layers
* one layer
* - more than one layer
� of cells
* : flattened
* : cube-shaped
* : column-like
♦ Simple
• Simple
� One layer; cells
� Usually forms
* Lines body
* Lines
and
• Simple
� One layer; cells
� Common in and their ducts
� Forms walls of tubules
� Covers the
• Simple
� One layer; cells
� Goblet cells (produce mucus)
� Lines
•
� One layer, some cells are
than others
� Looks like two layers
� Sometimes
� Function- or secretion
♦ Epithelium
• Stratified
� Cells at the free edge are
� Protective covering where
is common
� Locations
*
*
*
• epithelium
� Shape of cells depends upon amount of
� Lines organs of the
♦ Tissue
• Function- to produce
• Three types
�
* - can be controlled
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 22
* cells
± Attach to tissue
± More than one
�
* Only in the
* Pumps blood ( )
* cells
± Connect to other cardiac muscle cells at
± nucleus
�
*
* Surrounds
* Cells not
* nucleus
♦ Tissue
• and nerve support cells
• Sends to other areas of the body
�
�
Connective Tissue
♦ Connective Tissue
• and widely distributed
tissues
• Functions
� body tissues together
� the body
� Provides
• Characteristics
� matrix
* material
surrounding living cells
± - water
with proteins and polysaccharides
±
- Produced by the
- Three types
o fibers
o fibers
o fibers
♦ Connective Tissue Types
• (osseous tissue)
� Composed of:
* Bone cells in
* Hard matrix ( salts)
* Numerous fibers
� Protect and the body
• cartilage
� cartilage
* Abundant fibers
* matrix
� Entire skeleton
• cartilage
� Provides
� Ex: ear
•
� Highly
� Ex: discs between
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 23
• connective tissue
� Collagen fiber matrix
� (cells)
� Ex:
* - attach muscle to bone
* - attach bone
to bone
• tissue
� Most
connective tissue
� Soft,
� Contains all types
� Can soak up
• tissue
� tissue
matrix with globules
� Contain large deposits
� Functions
* body
* Protects
* Store
• tissue
� Network of fibers
� Stroma of organs
* Lymph nodes
*
* Bone
•
� Blood cells surrounded by fluid
� Fibers are visible during
� Transport materials to cells
Tissue Repair and Regeneration
♦ Tissue
•
� of destroyed tissue
by the same kind of cells
•
� Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
( tissue)
• Determination of method
� Type of damaged
� of the injury
• Events in Tissue Repair
� become very permeable
* Introduce proteins
* Wall off injured area
� Formation of tissue
� Regeneration of surface
♦ of Tissues
• Regenerate
� tissue
�
tissue and
• poorly
� muscle
• Replaced largely with tissue
� muscle
� tissue in the brain and
spinal cord
Body Membranes
♦ Body Membranes
• Function
� or body surfaces
� body surfaces
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 24
� body surfaces
♦ Classification of Body Membranes
• membranes
� membrane
� membrane
� membrane
• tissue membranes
♦ Membrane
• Cutaneous membrane =
� membrane
• protective boundary
• Superficial
� Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Underlying
� Dense tissue
♦ Membranes
• Epithelium
� Type depends on
• Underlying loose connective tissue
( )
• Lines body that open to
the exterior
• or
♦ Membranes
• epithelium
• Underlying connective tissue
• Lines open body cavities that are
to the exterior
• Serous layers separated by
• Specific serous membranes
�
* cavity
�
* Around the
�
* Around the
♦ Connective Tissue Membrane
• membrane
� Connective tissue only
� Lines fibrous capsules surrounding
Integumentary System (Skin)
♦ System
• (cutaneous membrane)
• Skin derivatives
� glands
� glands
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 25
�
�
♦ Skin Functions
• Protects deeper tissues from:
� damage
� damage
� damage
� damage
�
�
• Aids in regulation
• Aids in excretion of
and
• Synthesizes
♦ Skin Structure
• - outer layer
� epithelium
� Keratinized
•
� Dense tissue
♦ Layer of Epidermis
•
� Cells undergoing
� Next to dermis
• Stratum
• Stratum
• Stratum
� Occurs only in
• Stratum
� Shingle-like
♦
• Two layers
� layer
* Projections called
* receptors
* loops
� layer
* vessels
*
* receptors
♦
• to dermis
� Not part of the skin
� skin to underlying organs
� Mostly tissue
♦ Normal Skin Color Determinants
•
� Pigment produced by melanocytes
* Mostly in the
� Yellow, or black pigments
� and
exposure
•
� pigment in
some vegetables
•
� coloring (blood cells in capillaries)
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 26
� content determines the
extent of red coloring
♦ of the Skin
• glands
� Produce
* skin
* Kill
� Most with ducts empty into
� Activated at
• glands
� Widely distributed in skin
� (most numerous)
* Open via ducts to pores on
�
* Ducts empty into
� and Its Function
* Composition
± Mostly
± Some
± and
(apocrine only)
* Function
± Dissipate
± Excretes products
± Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
* Odor is from associated
• Hair
� Produced by
� Consists of hard keratinized
cells
� Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
� Hair Anatomy
* Central
* surrounds medulla
* outer layer
± Most heavily keratinized
� Associated Hair Structures
* Hair
± Dermal and epidermal sheath around hair
root
*
± Smooth
* gland
* gland
•
� Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
* Heavily
� extends beneath
the nail bed
* Responsible for
� Colorless- lack of pigment
� Nail Structures
*
*
* of nail
* - proximal
nail fold that projects onto the nail body
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin
♦ Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
• Infections
�
* infection
� and
* infection
� Cold
*
• Infections and allergies
� Contact
* Exposures cause allergic reaction
�
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 27
* infection
�
* Cause
* Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
• Burns
� Tissue and cell
caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or
chemicals
� Associated dangers
*
* imbalance
*
� Rule of
* Determine extent of burns
* Body divided into areas for quick estimation
± Each area represents about
� Severity of Burns
* -degree burns
± Only
± and
* -degree burns
± Epidermis and upper
± Red with
* -degree burns
± Destroys skin layer
± or black
� Critical Burns
* Burns are considered critical if:
± of body has
degree burns
± of the body has
degree burns
± Third degree burns of the ,
, or
• Skin Cancer
� Cancer- abnormal
� Two types
*
± spread (encapsulated)
*
± (moves)
to other areas
� - most common
type of cancer
� Skin Cancer Types
*
± Least
± Most
± Arises from stratum basale
*
± Arises from stratum spinosum
± Metastasizes to nodes
± Early removal allows a good chance of
cure
*
± Most skin cancer
± Cancer of melanocytes
± Metastasizes rapidly to
and vessels
± Detecting Cancer- ABCD rule
* A =
Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 28
± Two sides of pigmented mole
match
* B = Border
± Borders of mole are
* C =
± Different colors in pigmented area
* D =
± Spot is larger then in
diameter
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