unit 1 mix and flow of matter topic 1 matter on the move remember to name and date your notes!

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 1Matter on the Move

Remember to name and date your notes!

Mix and Flow of Matter Overview

•What are the three states of matter?

•What is a fluid? How do you know if a fluid is a mixture or a pure substance?

Mix and Flow of Matter Overview

•Why is it easier to do a handstand in water than air? How can a boat float while a marble sinks? Why does honey flow more slowly than water?

Three States of Matter

•SOLID – substance has definite shape and volume (ex. Brownie)

Three States of Matter

•LIQUID – substance has definite volume but no definite shape. (ex. Water)

Three States of Matter

•GAS – substance has neither definite volume or shape. (ex. Oxygen)

Fourth State of Matter?

•Some scientists define “PLASMA” as the fourth state of matter.

•PLASMA is a gas like mixture. Plasma has particles which collide violently and create electricity.

Particle Model of Matter1.All substances made of tiny

particles

2.All particles in a pure substance are the same.

3.The particles have spaces between them.

Particle Model cont’d.

4.The particles are always in motion.

5.The particles in a substance are attracted to one another.

CHANGES OF STATE•A change of state occurs when one state of matter becomes another state of matter.

CHANGES OF STATE•Example – Ice (solid) becomes water (liquid).

•Sublimation, condensation, vaporization (evaporation), melting, freezing – these are all changes of state.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 2Mixing and Dissolving

Remember to name and date your notes!

Classification of Matter

DON’T WRITE•All substances can be broken down into two categories –

Pure Substances and Mixtures.

•A PURE SUBSTANCE contains only one type of particle.

•A MIXTURE contains two or more types of particles.

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Look as though they have only one substance in them, although, they may have 2 or more.

Solutions

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs – the substances always stay together.

Solution•Sugar water is an

example of a solution.

Heterogeneous Mixture

•Mixtures that contain two or more materials that are visible.

Also known as Mechanical Mixture

In-Between Mixtures•Suspension – a heterogeneous mixture in which particles settle slowly after time. (OJ with pulp)

•Colloid – a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles don’t settle (remember Orbitz?)

Dissolving•Dissolving – when a solution is formed by mixing two or more materials.

•Solute – the substance that dissolves in a solution.

•Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving of a solute.

**There is usually more solvent than solute.

Dissolving cont’d.• What is the solute and

solvent in each of the following?

1.Kool-Aid2.Ocean Water

Dissolving cont’d…again!

•Another way of saying that salt will dissolve in vinegar is to say that salt is “soluble” in vinegar.

•Soluble means “able to be dissolved in a particular solvent.”

How Much Can Be Dissolved?

•Saturated Solution: one in which no more solute will dissolve.

• EX. Think of adding sugar to water…eventually, sugar just gathers at the bottom of your glass…no more can be dissolved and is saturated.

•Unsaturated Solution: one in which more solute could be dissolved.

•What do you think that “insoluble” means?

•Solubility refers to how much of a solute we can dissolve in a solvent.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 3Separating Earth’s

MixturesRemember to name and date your

notes!

Desalinating Water•Desalinating water means to remove salt from salty water.

• Dehydration – the process of removing water from a solution.

• Water is removed through evaporation.

Distillation

• Distillation is a method that allows all liquid ingredients of a mixture to be separated and collected.

Distillation cont’d.

Processing Petroleum•Petroleum products such as kerosene, gasoline, and diesel, are used to create energy which powers our vehicles, produces electricity, etc.

•When petroleum is pumped out of the ground, it is a raw product which must be refined so that we can use it.

Processing Petroleum•Fractional distillation is the

process used to create different petroleum products.

•Petroleum is a collection of substances that are soluble in each other, but not water.

•Each substance condenses at a different temperature.

Processing Petroleum•A tower heats the petroleum so that all ingredients vaporize.

•Vapors are then pumped into another tower where they rise. As they rise, they cool.

•Some ingredients cool and condense at higher temps – at the bottom of the tower.

Processing Petroleum• Remaining vapors continue

to rise.• Different ones cool at

different levels in the tower.

• Near the top of the tower, which is the coolest part, a few vapours remain as a gas and are burned off.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow

of MatterTopic 4

Flow Rate and Viscosity

Remember to name and date your notes!

Viscosity• Viscosity describes a liquid’s

thickness or thinness. The thicker the liquid, the higher the viscosity.

• The time it takes for a fluid to run from one point to another is the flow rate.

• The thicker a substance is, the higher the viscosity.

• The thinner substance is, the lower the viscosity.

DO NOT WRITE

• The cosmetics industry must carefully regulate viscosity for:

• Lipstick• Mascara• Nail PolishWhy?

Viscosity in Liquids• It is easier for particles of some

fluids to slip past each other. • Water particles slip past each

other easily compared to honey.• In honey, the particles are

attracted to each other and slow down in passing.

DO NOT WRITE

• The particles in thick liquids are VERY attracted to each other.

• The particles in thin liquids are not very attracted to each other.

• THE VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID DECREASES WHEN HEATED AND INCREASES WHEN COOLED.

Viscosity of Gases

• Particles of gas are more likely to collide with one another than rub against each other.

Heated gases flow less quickly and smoothly because of increased number of collisions among particles at higher temps.

So, a heated gas has an increased viscosity, while a cool gas has a lower viscosity.(This is the opposite of a liquid)

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 5Density

Remember to name and date your notes!

Density

• Density is the “crowdedness” of the particles that make up matter.

• Each substance has it’s own unique density based on how close together the particles are.

• The particles of a liquid/gas move apart easily, allowing a more dense, solid object to pass through.

• The attractive forces between the particles in a liquid/gas are not strong enough to prevent a solid object from pushing them apart.

• In general, gases are less dense than liquids, and liquids are less dense than solids.

• Particles in a solid cannot easily be pushed apart – the attractive forces between particles are very strong.

WHAT ABOUT THE DENSITY OF WATER AND ICE?

• Ice is less dense than water – air bubbles are trapped in the ice.

DENSITY FORMULA• Density (D) = Mass(m) / Volume (V)

D = m / V

DENSITY FORMULA• Mass is the amount of matter in

a substance (we could use a balance to determine this in grams or kilograms)

• Mass and Weight are not the same.

• Weight is the force of gravity exerted on an object.

• Volume is the amount of space occupied by a substance. We can calculate using:

V = l x w x h• Or, we can use the

displacement method for irregular shaped objects. (see page 53)

• The density of solids is given in g/cm3

• The density of a liquid is given in g/L or g/mL

• Eg. The density of an object, having a mass of 15g and a volume of 3cm3 is:

D = m / VD = 15g / 3cm3

D = 5g/cm3

• The average density of salt water is 1.03 g/mL

• The average density of fresh water is 1.0 g/mL

• Anything with a density below 1.0 g/mL will float. Anything with a density above 1.0 g/mL will sink.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 6Buoyancy

Remember to name and date your notes!

• Buoyancy is the tendency for objects to sink or float in a fluid – it refers to the ability of a fluid to support an object floating in or on the fluid.

• Buoyant Force is the upward force exerted on objects submerged in or floating on fluids.

DON’T WRITE THIS

• This force is exerted by the particles of the fluid, and exerts in the opposite direction of gravity. (UP!)

SINK OR FLOAT?

• Average density enables large objects that would otherwise sink, to float. It also helps floating objects to sink.

• A steel ship will float because of it’s large hollow hull. That hollow hull ensures that the average density (mass of all substances on board divided by the volume) is less than that of water.

DON’T WRITE

• Mass of ship 50g• Volume of ship 75 mL• Density = mass/volume• Density = 50/75• Density = 0.67g/mL• Does this ship sink or float?

Increased water, means increased mass, which means an average density higher than that of the water - sink.

Density of Waters• Saltwater – 1.03g/mL• Fresh water – 1.00g/mL• Salt particles are packed

tightly together in salt water, allowing salt water to support more weight per volume.

•Regular ocean water – 35 g of salt per litre.•Dead Sea – 354 g salt per litre.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 7Fluid Pressure

Remember to name and date your notes!

• PRESSURE FORMULA

Pressure (p) = Force (F)

Area(A)

• Force measured in N

• Area measured in m2

• Pressure measured in N/m2

• N/m2 is also called a pascal.

• Kilopascal (kPa) is equal to ____ pascals.

• 1000 pascals in a kilopascal

Compressed gas gives us one form of pressure.

How is Gas Compression Possible?

1. Gas must be enclosed in a sealed container with sturdy walls.

How is Gas Compression Possible?

2. Even if squeezed tightly, particles are still far enough apart to behave as a gas.

3. An outside force is applied to the gas to push the particles close.

Examples of Compressed Gas

• Air bags in cars

• Nike Air Shoes

• Tires

Are all examples of devices used to cushion shock…and they all use compressed air!

• Solids and liquids are said to be incompressible because they cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume.

• We use a barometer to measure air pressure.

• Mercury possess some very special characteristics like a very high density. In principle one could use water instead of mercury for a barometer. But in that case this kind of barometer should be more then 10 meters high! Obviously not for practical use.

• On Earth, because there are many miles of air molecules stacked up and exerting pressure due to the force of gravity, the pressure is about 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level.

• You know that hot air is less dense (lighter) than cooler air. (Why?) Therefore, on any given day you would expect the air over a desert to have a lower pressure than the air over an ice cap. And that would be true. These same sort of pressure differences occur all over the planet for various reasons.

• Read page 76 in your workbook to see how a barometer works.

Unit 1 Mix and Flow of

Matter

Topic 8Fluid Systems

Remember to name and date your notes!

• Particles always flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

• When high energy particles are compressed in a can, they exit through holes with great force!

• The liquid/gas in a container is under so much pressure that adding heat may make the particles stronger than the container and…boom!

• Keep aerosols in a cool place, or…

• Hydraulics – study of pressure in liquids.

• Hydraulic Systems – devices that transfer forces through a liquid to move something else, due to pressure.

• The applied force creates pressure that moves the liquid through a series of tubes, pipes, and hoses, which causes motion at the other end of the system.

The pressure exerted on a fluid (in a closed container) at one end can be felt, undiminished, at the other end of the container.

• Today, water, natural gas, and oil are fluids transported in long pipelines. Pumps provide the force needed to push these through miles of pipe.

• Pneumatic Systems: devices that transfer forces through a GAS to move something else, due to pressure.

• In pneumatic systems, gas is compressed, and when pressure is released can create a force that can perform powerful tasks.