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Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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An overview of Technology for Commercial Facilities
Mr. Eric Burgis, Energy Solutions Center
Track: Commercial Natural Gas I
Unit #1: Commercial Technologies
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Market Overview
Heating Technologies Water Heating
Gas Cooling Humidity Control
Combined Heat & Power
Back Up Power Generation Natural Gas Vehicles Food Service Technologies
Presentation Outline
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Commercial Building Market Data
Number of buildings (thousand)
Totalfloor space (million
square feet)
Sum of major fuel
consumption(trillion Btu)
All buildings 5,557 87,093 6,963Building floorspace (square feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,777 8,041 7235,001 to 10,000 1,229 8,900 64610,001 to 25,000 884 14,105 876
25,001 to 50,000 332 11,917 82350,001 to 100,000 199 13,918 1,067
100,001 to 200,000 90 12,415 1,035200,001 to 500,000 38 10,724 1,026Over 500,000 8 7,074 767
Source: EIA CBECS Table 1
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Energy Use in U.S. Commercial Buildings
Source: EIA CBECS Table 5
Space Heating25%
Cooling9%
Ventilation10%
Water Heating7%
Lighting10%
Cooking7%
Refrigeration10%
Office Equipment3%
Computing6%
Other13%
Commercial BuildingsTotal Major Fuel Consumption (trillion Btu)
48% of energy use in commercial buildings is for heating, water heating, cooling, and cooking.
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Commercial Energy Use
Electricity61%
Natural Gas32%
Fuel Oil2%
District Heat5%
Commercial Building Consumption by Energy Source
Source: EIA CBECS Table 1
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Natural Gas Usage in the U.S. Commercial Market
Source: EIA CBECS Table 7
Space Heating67%
Water Heating18%
Cooking12%
Other3%
Natural Gas Consumption for Total Commercial Market
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Natural GasHeating
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Forced Air Systems The most common heating system is a forced‐air system or furnace that uses a natural gas burner to heat air
Cool air is drawn into the system and moved into a heat exchanger where it is warmed by the gas burner and then circulated by a blower or fan through ductwork to the space being heated
Forced air system can also include items such as electronic air filters, electric cooling equipment and a humidifier or dehumidifier
Natural Gas Heating
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Radiant Water‐Based or Hydronic Systems
Hydronic or hot water systems use a gas boiler that creates steam or hot water which is then circulated through pipes or tubes
These heating systems can incorporate radiators, radiant floor systems or baseboard units
Boilers or hydronic systems use the same type of venting as with forced air systems
Natural Gas Heating
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Heat Pump Systems
Instead of warming the air by direct application of heat, a heat pump moves heat from the air, water or ground and transfers it to areas of cooler air
Uses a refrigerant gas or fluid that runs through pipes between two sets of coils
A heat pump works like an air conditioner in reverse
Natural Gas Heating
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Infrared Heaters Has either a glowing panel or tube distribution system that warms people and surfaces in its direct path
Warms objects (not air) which then radiate heat upwards
Very energy efficient
Natural Gas Heating
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Forced Warm Air Systems Make‐Up Air Systems Unit Heaters PTACs Thru‐The‐Wall Furnace Heat Pumps Boilers Infrared Heaters Combo Heaters
Available Heating Technologies
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Natural gas rooftop units are commonplace
Usually purchased with gas heat and electric air conditioning in one unit
New high efficiency designs employ modulating and condensing technology for higher efficiency
Rooftop Units
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Conventional gas‐fired rooftop heaters often have efficiency ratings between 80 and 82 percent
Heating capacities range from under 100,000 to over 500,000 BTU/hr.
Conventional Rooftop Units
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High Efficiency Rooftop Units
Condensing natural gas rooftop units provide comfort and efficiency (89‐97%) offering:
Fast morning warm‐up and response times
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Longer equipment life than heat pump units
Easily maintainable and replaceable systems
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Condenser Coil
Modulating Tandem DigitalScroll Compressors
Standard Stainless-Steel Gas Heat Exchanger
Controls Designed Around the UnitOperates w/All Popular Network Protocols
Air Foil Plenum Fan
Modulating Hot GasReheat Coil
2”/4” Combination FilterLow-Leak Dampers
up to 100% Outside Air
Optional Energy Recovery Ventilator
System Design
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Cost effective way to provide fresh tempered air to “make up” air leaving the building
Sizes available 900 – 1,200,000 CFM
Up to 100% outdoor air
Make Up Air Systems
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Heat air in warm air closed combustion heat exchanger
Blower moves air through heat exchanger providing warm air to the space
Thermostatically controlled or can be tied into an energy management system
Typically vented through the roof
structure
Unit Heaters
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Unit Heaters – 150,000 to 400,000 BTU/Hr
Forced Hot Air Systems
Standard Efficiency 78‐82%
High Efficiency Unit Heaters
Up to 93% AFUE
Power Vented Exhausts
Integrated Direct Spark Control
Unit Heaters
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Single package containing all the components of an air‐cooled air conditioner, furnace and air‐handling system
Require an outside wall and offers individual occupant control
Units available with various heating options Natural gas as well as hydronic options using gas fired boilers
Typical Efficiency – 80%
PTACs
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Heating capacity is 12 ‐ 25,000 BTUs and cooling capacity is 0.5 to 1.5 tons
Typical applications include:
Motels, school classrooms, small office complexes, multifamily units & elder care facilities
PTACs
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Combine heating and cooling in one compact easy‐to‐install unit
Each space has individual comfort controls
Used in multifamily, eldercare facilities
Sizes from 26,000 – 64,000 BTUh
Efficiency – 80%
Thru‐The‐Wall Units
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Device that transfers thermal energy from a heat source to a heat sink
Move thermal energy in a direction which is opposite to the direction of spontaneous heat flow
A heat pump uses energy to accomplish the desired transfer of thermal energy from heat source to heat sink
What is a “Heat Pump”
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Various Types Available
Air to Air
Water Source
Ground Source (Geo‐Thermal)
Natural Gas
Absorption Technology
Engine Driven Technology
Heat Pumps
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Condensing Options
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Cooling Mode (Regular Air Conditioning)
Indoor CoilInside HouseEvaporator
Reversing ValveIn position A – Cooling Mode
Outdoor CoilOutside HouseCondenser
Metering DeviceExpansion Valve
Compressor
Cool A
ir
Hot A
ir
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Heating Mode
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Metering DeviceExpansion Valve
Indoor CoilInside HouseEvaporator
Reversing ValveIn position B – Heating Mode
Outdoor CoilOutside HouseCondenser
Compressor
Hot A
ir
Cool A
ir
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Natural Gas Boilers
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Sectional Boilers – Plates (heating sections) are bolted together to make a system
Fin Tube Boilers – Incorporate additional heat transfer surface using fins on the coils
Fire Tube Boiler – gas flame contained inside tubes that heat water
Water Tube Boiler – Water is heated inside of tubes in boiler furnace area
Types of Boilers
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Horsepower – How a boiler is sized One boiler horsepower equals 33,475 Btu/hour
The energy rate required to evaporate 34.5 lb(15.65 kg) of water at 212°F (100°C) in an hour
Low vs. High Pressure – operating pressure Low pressure ‐ below 15 psig or water at 250°F (121°C)
High pressure ‐ above these conditions
Boiler Terminology
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Typical Boiler Arrangement
Feed Water
160F (71C) or Steam + 212F (100C)
Hot Water or Steam
Energy
Stack Economizer
Exhaust
Water IN
Water OUT
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Boiler Efficiency Standards
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Assembled using a number of cast sections
Typically box shaped Packaged with circulator pump, electric box, and flue stub connected to the box
Ideal for multiple installations
Unit sizing up to 150 hp Efficiency ranges from 80%‐96%
Sectional Boilers
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Water tube design – flows through pipe fitted with fins
Increased heat transfer surface
Compact design
Sized from 45,000 ‐2,065,000 Btu/Hr
Efficiency ranged from
82%‐97%
Copper Tube Boilers
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Combustion gases pass inside boiler tubes, and heat is transferred to water on the shell side
Low initial cost
Systems from 10 to
2,200 HP
Incorporate 80‐82%
combustion efficiency
burners and combustion controls
Fire Tube Boilers
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Water passes through tubes
1.5 to 25.0 MMBTU/hr input
Exhaust gases remain in the shell passing over the tube surfaces
Can produce steam up to 3,000 psi
Can generate saturated or superheated steam
Capable of high efficiencies
Incorporate high efficiency burners and combustion controls
Water Tube Boilers
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Boiler Replacement
New Burners
Add Controls
Improving Boiler Efficiency
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Types of systems
High intensity units Low intensity tubular (black tube radiant heaters)
Systems available from 25,000 to 200,000 BTUH
Generate radiant energy that is converted into heat when absorbed by objects in its path
20‐50% fuel savings over conventional forced air units
Infra‐Red Radiant Heating
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Forced Warm Air Infrared Heating
Infra‐Red Heats the People & Objects –Not the Air
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Water heater that also provides space heat
Boiler for space heating that also makes hot water
Types of Combo Systems
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Natural Gas Heating Benefits
Save Money over Electric, Oil, or Propane
Faster Warm Up compared to Electric Heat
Cleaner – Reduced Emissions
Warmer than a Heat Pump – Less Drafty
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Natural Gas Space Heat SummaryForced Warm Air Systems
Make Up Air Systems
Unit Heaters
Thru the Wall Furnaces
Heat Pumps
Boilers forBuilding Heat
Combine w/ Hydronic Floor Heating
Infrared
Combo SystemSpace and Water Heat
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Natural Gas Water Heaters
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Natural Gas Consumption for Water Heating by Business Activity
Source: EIA CBECS Table 7
Education13%
Mercantile 14%
Office 7%
Health care 15%
Food service 10%
Lodging 27%
Warehouse and storage
2%
Public assembly 1%
Service 5%
Other 1%
Food sales 1%
Public order and safety
4%
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Natural Gas Water Heating Options
Booster Water Heater
Atmospheric Storage
Solar/Gas Hybrid
High EfficiencyStorage
DirectContact
TanklessBoiler
Fire‐Tube Condensing
Heat Pump Water Heater
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Water heating is used in all commercial building applications
Commercial water heaters are major energy consumers, accounting for
about 7.2% or more of a
building’s total energy load
on average
Commercial Water Heaters
Source: EIA CBECS Table 5
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Tank Water Heaters
Commercialized versions of traditional residential unit
Input ratings 199,999 BTUs/hour as many codes change at 200,000 BTUs/hour and above
Storage capacity of about 100 gallons (378.5 liters)
Heat water to about 180°F (82.2°C)
Direct or power venting options
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Tankless Water Heaters
Have no storage tank Heat water on demand with no standby‐losses from a tank
Standard efficiency units – 82% High efficiency units – 97%+ Sizing done by GPM required but under 200,000 BTU input per unit
Higher first cost – savings comes from elimination of standby losses
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Hybrid Systems – Solar/Gas
Solar water heater with natural gas‐fired back‐up heat exchanger
Internal solar heat exchanger for a solar panel
Combines with a highly efficient all in one storage tank
Provides approximately ½ of the water heating from solar
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Direct Contact Water Heaters
Have no tubes, tubing or coils
Use heat transfer media such as spheres or cylinders and allow flue gases to come in direct contact with the water
Up to 99% efficient
250,000 Btu/hr to 75,000,000 Btu/hr
4 GPM to 2000 GPM
c
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Designed to heat rinse water for better cleaning with fewer spots –especially on glassware
Heats hot water from 120°‐140° up to 180°F (48.8°‐60° up to 82.2°C) water
Improves cleaning and sanitizing of dishes
Shortens drying time
Eliminates need for chemical rinse aids
Booster Water Heaters
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Commercial Heat Pump Water HeaterAmbient Outdoor Temperature: 75°F (23.8°C)Hot Water Delivery Temperature: 120°F (48.8°C)COP = 586,000 / 292,000 = 2.0
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Natural GasCooling
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Space conditioning is acritical component in all commercial building applications Chillers/HVAC systems aremajor energy consumers, accounting for a large portion of a building’s energy load
Commercial Gas Cooling
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Commercial Gas Cooling
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Natural Gas Cooling Options
Absorption Chillers
Heat Pumps
Engine Driven Chillers
Steam Turbine Driven Chiller
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Gas cooling systems are measured by the Coefficient of Performance (COP)
The ratio of heating or cooling provided to the energy consumed
The higher the COP – the more efficient the system
COP can be treated as an efficiency where a COP of 2.00 = 200% efficiency
Measuring Efficiency
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Available as stand‐alone chillers or chiller/heaters
Single Effect (COP = ~.6), or Double Effect (COP = 1.2)
Direct or Indirect fired (Hot water, steam, or waste heat)
Sizes range from 5 to 1700 tons
Suitable for inclusion in a CHP system
Smaller footprint than an electric chiller with boiler
Absorption Chillers
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Sizes range from 25 to 1,250 tons
Variable speed for efficient partial load operation
Typical COP = 1.7 for water cooled unit, as high as COP = 2.4 with waste heat recovery
Engine heat recovery for domestic hot water and other thermal energy needs
Longer operating life Environmentally friendly
Engine Driven Chillers
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Uses medium pressure steam (usually 100 to 200 psig) to turn a compressor
Applicable to large tonnage chiller loads (700 ‐2000 tons)
COPs ~ 1.8
Maximizes year round use of boiler system
Compact footprint
Requires minimal maintenance
Steam Turbine Chillers
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Absorption and Engine Drive units available
Wide range of cooling and heating capacities and temperatures with capacities from 5 to 300 tons
Engine Drive systems are variable speed for efficient partial load operation
Absorption units available as air or water cooled systems
Heat Pumps
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20 Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Example Only –500 Tons Cooling, 2000 operating hours/yr.
Energy Prices –Electricity @ $0.12 / KWH & Natural Gas @ $7.00 / MCF
Compared to Electric Centrifugal Chiller
Simple Payback
Absorption ‐ Double Effect
6.09
Engine Driven Chiller 4.74
Engine Driven w/ Heat Recovery
3.73
$‐
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
ElectricCentrifugal
Double EffectAbsorption
Chiller
Engine DrivenChiller
Engine Drivenwith HeatRecovery
Gas Cooling Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Energy Cost
Maintenance Cost
Capital Cost
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Humidity Control Dehumidification and Humidification
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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H1N1Influenza
Health Impact of Uncontrolled Humidity
OptimumLevel
% Relative Humidity
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Desiccant Dehumidification
~ 300 CFM – 120,000 CFM
Commercial & Industrial sizes available Dry desiccant wheel or liquid desiccant systems
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Not energy efficient
Cool air to lower temperature, then Re‐Heat back to desired temperature
Cooling coils and condensate drain system are constantly wet
Ideal for growth of bacteria, mold, etc.
Problems Using Conventional Air Conditioning to Dehumidify
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Desiccant Dehumidification removes the moisture from the air so there is nomoisture to condense on the cooling coils thereby leading to clean dry coils
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Steam humidifier
Uses a boiler
Direct‐Fired humidifier
Cost‐effective when boiler not available
Boil water to steam and distribute via air handling system or remote blower
Humidifiers
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Reduces static electricity Improves health and comfort Reduces employee absenteeism Proper humidity helps speed up the mortality rate of virus outside of the body
Humidification Benefits
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Combined Heat & Power(CHP)
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CHP Efficiency vs. Electric Power Plants
Combined Heat & Power
Source: www.aga.org/our‐issues/playbook/Documents/AGA_Playbook2012_HI_RES.pdf
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143 total incidents in 2015 46% Weather related (66)
Electric Emergency & Disturbances
https://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/OE417_annual_summary.aspx
OE‐417 Electric Emergency and Disturbance Report ‐ Calendar Year 2015
0
5
10
15
20
# of Electric Emergency & Disturbances
Other4% System
Operations20%
Severe Weather ‐ General
36%
Severe Weather ‐ Thunderstorms
1%
Severe Weather ‐Wind2%
Severe Weather ‐Winter
8%
Suspicious Activity
1%
Sabotage8%
Vandalism20%
Electric Emergency & Disturbances ‐ 2015 Event Types
39% Loss of power to > 50K customer for 1+ hours (56)
30% Suspected physical attack (44)
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Power Generation Equipment Options
Combined Heat & Power
Reciprocating Engines( 5 KW ‐ 8 MW) Microturbines
( 30 to > 250 KW )
Fuel Cells( 100 – 300 KW )
Turbines( 1,000 KW – 40 MW )
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High fuel efficiency Sizes ranging from a few kilowatts to over 5 MW Lower Initial costs vs. larger turbines Best for variable load applications More tolerant to high ambient conditions and high elevations Lower fuel pressure requirement Accept low BTU fuels On line in less than 30 seconds May offer “black start” opportunity
Reciprocating Engine Driven CHP
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Large heat to ekW ratio
Sizes from 100s of kW to 100s of MW
High exhaust temperatures: 480°C / 900°F
Low weight & minimal space requirement
Very simple design
Lower emissions capabilities
Ideal for 24/7 operation
Accept high or low BTU fuels
Combustion Turbine CHP
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30 – 250 kW sizes available
Lightweight & small footprint
Multi‐fuel capability
Air cooled
Ultra low emissions
High reliability
Minimal scheduled maintenance
Accepts various fuel sources
Microturbine CHP
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Grid‐independent operation
Sizes from 100kW to 400 kW
Electric load following
Multi‐megawatt capacity
Will operate on low pressure natural gas fuel
Low noise and vibration
Ultra‐low emissions
10 year cell stack life
Fuel Cell CHP
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Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Plate and frame Heat Exchanger
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Heat Recovery Technologies to Recover Heat
Source: www.epa.gov/chp/documents/presentations/forum_wd/NCHPTTRFLyonsFinal.pdf
Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate & FrameHeat Exchanger
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis
0
5
10
15
20
25
20 Yr Life Cycle Cost ($mil)
CHP Options Compared to Purchased Electricity1000 Kw
Annual Energy Cost
Avg Maintenance
Installed Cost
RecipMicro turbine
Turbine
Simple Payback
1.9 yr 3.2 yr 4.4 yr
Internal Rate of Return
51% 29% 19%
Example Only – Values will vary by region and project
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Combined Heat & Power Benefits
More efficient use of energy
Reduced emissions
Reduced energy costs
Not reliant on electric power grid
For more information visit: www.understandingchp.com
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Backup Power Systems
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Back Up Power Systems
From a few KW to a MW systems available
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Operate with a dependable, efficient natural gas engine
Designed to turn on automatically whenever electric service is interrupted
Transfers the electric load back to the utility once power is restored
Equipped with controls to handle even brief electric interruptions
Back Up Power Systems
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Numerous installation options available
Integrated switch gear
Pre‐engineered
packaged systems
Utility approved
Easy Installation Options
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Strengths Numerous equipment types and providers available
Provides security/safety for customers
Weakness
Not a large throughput per customer for LDCs
Cost to install a system, versus do nothing
Back Up Power Systems
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Natural Gas Vehicles(NGVs)
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Approximately 153,000 NGVs are on U.S. roads today – more than 15.2 million worldwide
There are about 1,640 CNG fueling stations in the U.S.
More than half are open to the public
Home Refueling Appliances are available
Vehicle Manufacturers in the U.S.
50+ different manufacturers produce 100+ models of light, medium, and heavy‐duty vehicles and engine
Source: http://www.ngvamerica.org/vehicles/
NGV Facts
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Natural gas ranges in cost from $1.50–$2.00 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE)
In the U.S. alone, NGVs offset the use of nearly 500 million gallons (1,362 million liters) of gasoline in 2014
NGVs meet the strictest emission standards, including California’s AT‐PZEV standard
NGVs are as safe as or safer than traditional gasoline or diesel vehicles
Source: http://www.ngvamerica.org/vehicles/
NGV Facts
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Environmentally friendly
No loss in performance
Cost savings – CNG vs. other fuel(s)
Extended maintenance intervals
Operational flexibility Extended driving range with dual fuel system
NGV Benefits
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Available Natural Gas Vehicles
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Creating Refueling Infrastructure
Customer Awareness
Utility Support
Continuance of Government Initiatives
http://www.ngvamerica.org/government‐policy/federal‐incentives/
Conversion or Incremental Cost for NGV
Current Issues
Source: GoNatGas.com
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Cooking
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New Energy Star rated appliances provide innovative solutions for food service facilities
Designed to meet needs of food service facilities
Integrated systems
Lower annual operating costs
Natural Gas High Efficiency Cooking Equipment
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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NEW Natural Gas Energy Star Equipment Options for Cooking
Low Oil Volume Fryers
Steam Cookers
Griddles
Convection Ovens
Combi Ovens
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Natural Gas fired Low Oil Volume (LOV) Fryers features:
Use less oilOil monitoring of particulates Automated oil replacement Improved cook times Integrated clean‐up/filtration systems ReliableMore Energy Efficient
Low Oil Volume Fryers
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Boilerless Steam Cookers Less water consumption No taste transfer Retains color Faster prep time Steams frozen or fresh products Rethermalize foods Time controlled batch cooking Less maintenance
Commercial Steam Cookers
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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Combination Oven Steamers
Boilerless
Faster precise cooking
Automatic cook features
Greater food yield
Combination Ovens
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Booster Water Heaters
Desiccant Systems
Low Flow Spray Nozzles
High Efficiency Pots
Other Foodservice Technologies
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Demand Control VentilationElectronic Motor
Starter (VFD)
Processor
Air Purge Units
Operator InterfaceOptic Sensors
Temperature Sensor
Saves money by operating only when needed!
Commercial 1 TrackUnit 1 – Commercial Technology Overview
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The Environmental Benefits of Natural Gas
The cleanest burning fossil fuel It produces virtually no emissions of sulfur dioxide or particulate matter and far lower levels of "greenhouse" gases and nitrogen oxides than oil or coal
Produces virtually no solid waste Natural gas is delivered to the customer with around 90% efficiency
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