understanding earth's energy sources · understanding earth’s energy sources, part 1....

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF Energy Efficiency & ENERGY EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENTRenewable EnergyENERGY

Understanding Earth's Energy

Sources

Grades: 9-12

Topics: Biomass, Wind Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells,

Solar, Vehicles, Geothermal

Owner: ACTS

This educational material is brought to you by the U.S. Department of Energy’s

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

“U d d E h’ “Understanding Earth’s Energy Sources”Energy Sources

Part 1. Nonrenewable Energy

Compiled By:Compiled By: Karen S. Harrell Dora Moore K -8

Denver Public Schools July 28, 2006

Energy from finite resources that eventually resources that eventually will dwindle, becoming too expensive or too too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve damaging to retrieve.

f Energy from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment; Source of energy can bereplaced in a short periodreplaced in a short period of time.

2

3

4

Fossil Fuels N bl b b d f l d f hNonrenewable carbon based fuels made from the remains of plants and other organisms that were buried in the earth’s crust and altered by heat and pressure in the earth s crust and altered by heat and pressure over millions of years.

COAL

5

COAL The most abundant fossil fuel 4 main grades: peat lignite 4 main grades: peat, lignite,

bituminous and anthracite

6

7

Coal Deposits in the U.S.

8

9

10In the US, 90% of electricity comes from coal.

11

12

World Population GrowthWorld Population Growth 1750-2100

10

8 World Populati

6

on (billions)

4

1750 1800

1850

)

2

1850 1900

1950 2000

2050 2100

0

Source: Population Reference Bureau Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2000, Table A2

EIA projects 60% energy consumption increase by 2020

to call coal power plants “Dirty

Electricity”?y

Global Warming: An increase in the average temperature of the

earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes).

Is it justified

13

Changes in Atmospheric Concentration CO2, CH4, and N20 – A Thousand Year History

on C

O2

(ppm

)

360

340

320

bb)

310sphe

ric c

once

ntra

tio320

300

280

260

conc

entra

tion

N2 O

(pb310

290

270

Atm

os260

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Years

Atm

osph

eric

270

250

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Years at

ion

CH

4 (p

pb)

1750

1500 m

osph

eric

con

cent

ra

1250

1000

750

14 Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001)

Atm750

1000 1200 1400

1600 1800

2000Years

CO2 and Global Climate Change

380 ppm

Climate Change

15

th

Carbon Sequestration Capturing carbon dioxide from a power plant and storing it someplace

t it t t i t th t hso that it cannot get into the atmosphere.

16

Renewable Energy vs. Sequestration Broad Perspective – J. Turner view

To modify or build a new energy infrastructure requires money and energy - that energy must come from existing resources. Sequestration is only a temporary fix. Sequestration increases the rate at which we consume our finite resources.

17

18

What’s New in China? • 1 new coal power plant

coming into service everycoming into service every 6 DAYS.

• 5000 humans died in China’s coal mines in 2005.

20

21

The Experts Say….

• Worldwide, leading scientists say it’s too late to stop the effect of increased CO2 p 2 levels on Earth’s climate.

• We need to be flexible and ADAPT to theWe need to be flexible and ADAPT to the changes.

22

23

Sea Level Rise of 17 Feet (5.2 m) Western Antarctic Ice Sheet Melts

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/warming/waterworld/

CONCERNS i

COAL Burning coal causes air

pollution and is a serious l b l

BENEFITS M l contributor to global

warming Many coal

burning power plants are

Pollution controls are expensive. Many countries are gearing up

plants are already in place Costs are

Many countries are gearing up to use more coal, thus depleting world supplies quicker than

relatively low World reserves pp q

expected. A 200 year supply is not a long

ti !

should last for about 200 years.

24

time!

OIL FactsOIL Facts Oil can be a viscous thick or

thin black liquid formedthin black liquid formed from the buried remains of marine organisms Natural gas forms under

similar conditions, but as a gasgas Geologic faults and folds in

the earth help to trap oil andp p gas under anticline cap rocks

25

26

Well. Well. Well.

27

Oil Refineries

28

The Price of “Crude” Impacts Our Daily Lives

29

30

31

32

World wide 4 million cars are made each month.

33

34

35

36

“Daddy, why is the sky brown?”

37

38

nezu

ela

Ven

S di A bi 26% U S 26%

Have OilHave Oil Use OilUse Oil Saudi Arabia Iraq Kuwait IIran UAE Venezuela Russia Mexico Libya China Nigeria U.S.

26% 11% 10% 9%9% 8% 6% 5% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2%

U.S. China Japan GGermany Russia S. Korea France Italy Mexico Brazil Canada India

26% 9% 6% 4%4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highestThe U.S. uses more than the next 5 highest 39consuming nations combined.consuming nations combined.

Updated August 2002. Source: International Energy Annual 1999 (EIA), Tables 1.2 and 8.1.

40

Geopolitical ConcernsGeopolitical Concerns

41

Geopolitical Concerns notGeopolitical Concerns…not

PETRO-POWER, PETRO-PERIL

42Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez Frias

just the Middle East

Environmental Concerns

43

44

Environmental Concerns

Environmental Concerns

Th t f S i tThe government of Spain puts the estimated cost of cleaning up the Prestige oil tanker spill

45

p g p at more than $1 billion.

Environmental Concerns

46

47

Environmental Concerns

48

At What Cost Do We Drill?At What Cost Do We Drill?

The debate about ANWR

You make the call: Oil or Pristine Environment?

49

Oil P i i E i ?

Crude Reality In millions of barrels per day

50*Includes oil imports as well as U.S. crude and natural gas liquids. Source: National Geographic, August 2001 “Oil Field or Sanctuary?”

OilOil CONCERNS

BENEFITS Relatively low cost

Increases globalwarming Makes the air poll ted Relatively low cost

Infrastructure in place (wells, refineries, gasstations automobiles)

Makes the air polluted Oil spills can kill

many species and ruin stations, automobiles) y phabitats. Not renewable, limited

suppliessupplies. Geopolitical concerns

51

Natural Gas

FactsFacts Colorless, odorless fuel that burns

cleaner than other fossil fuels Made up of hydrocarbon gases,

primarily methane Removed from underground with theRemoved from underground with the

same equipment that is used with crude oil

52

Ships that gas in the night.

53

How Do We Use Natural Gas?

54

Natural Gas Uses

Heating Heating Cooling Production of electricity

55

56

N t l G Natural Gas

BENEFITS Relatively low cost I f t t i l

CONCERNS Infrastructure in place

(wells, refineries, pipelines, power plants, appliances)

Increases global warming Prices on rise 40 year supply Cleanest burning fossil fuel 40 year supply

57

Outlook for Fossil Fuel Resources Estimated Lifetimes of Fossil Fuel Resources

80

(Based on Projected Annual Growth Rates: 1% for Petroleum, 2.8% for Natural Gas, and 2% for Coal)

60

70

)

30

40

50

me

(yea

rs)

10

20

30

Tim

0 Worldwide Petroleum*

Worldwide Natural Gas**

U.S. Natural Gas**

U.S. Coal

58Source: Weisz, Physics Today, p. 47, July 2004

*Estimated peak in world petroleum supply ** Based on estimated natural gas resources

59

Review Part 1. Nonrenewable Energy

SourcesSources Define nonrenewable energy.gyHow are fossil fuels formed? Compare and contrast the three main types ofCompare and contrast the three main types of

fossil fuels. Interpret the consequences of the rise in human p q

population and the supply of fossil fuels. What will driving be like in 10 years? 50 years?g y y What can you do about global warming?

Acknowledgements

• NREL Office of Education • Dr John Turner Hydrogen Wizard NRELDr. John Turner, Hydrogen Wizard, NREL • Ken Sheinkopf, President of the Florida

Solar Energy Society Solar Energy Society • Google Images

60