understanding apa

Understanding APA

Prepared by Matthew A. Gilbert, MBABased on a Presentation by Strayer University

– Revised November 30, 2011 –

• What is APA?

– American Psychological Association

• Why do we need to know it?

– Produce a paper based on facts or evidence.

– If you use other people’s ideas, you must say so.

– Using other people’s ideas as your own without

giving credit is like stealing: it is called plagiarism.

• Teacher Resources

– TurnitIn.com or Google

Overview

• Margins

– 1 inch

• Spacing

– Double

• Font

– Arial or Times New Roman

– Size: 11 or 12

• Style

– No Italics, Bolds or Colors in Body

Basics

Cover Page

• Running Head

• Page Number

• Long Title

• Your Name

• School Name

• Instructor Name

• Class Name/Number

• Date

Headings

• 5 Levels of Headings– There are 5 heading levels in APA. Always use the headings in order,

beginning with level 1, as illustrated below:

Level Format

1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings

2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.

4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period.

5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period.

Seriation

• Numbered Lists– For lists that communicate hierarchical order or chronology, use numbers to

identify each item in the list.

• Bulleted Lists– For lists that do not communicate hierarchical order or chronology, use bullet

points to identify each item in the list.

• Paragraphs– Authors may also use seriation for paragraph length text. For seriation within

sentences, authors may use letters:Based on the research conducted by the usability team, OWL staff have completed (a) the OWL site map; (b) integrating graphics with text on the OWL homepage; (c) search boxes on all OWL pages except the orange OWL resources; (d) moving the navigation bar to the left side of pages on all OWL resources except in the orange area (that is pending).

Citations

• Direct Quote (40 Words or Less)– According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

• Direct Quote (40 Words or More)– Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Citations

• Summary or Paraphrase– If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to

make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference:• According to Jones (2009), APA style is a difficult citation format for

first-time learners.

• Work by Two Authors– Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time

you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the parentheses.• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) proves the need for preparation.

• Research shows “preparation is vital,” (Wegener & Petty, 1994).

Citations

• Abbreviation– If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the

abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.• First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)• Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

• Unknown Author and Date– If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the

first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").• Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students

succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA, n.d.).

References

• Basic Rules– All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be

indented one-half inch from the left margin. • This is called hanging indentation.

– Indicate each author’s last name and first initial (not full first name).• Give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless

the work has more than six authors.

• If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.

– Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

References

• Basic Rules

– If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-

author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by

the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

– Multiple citations from the same author in the same year should be separately

listed by including a lower case letter after the year of publication.

– When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page,

capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a

colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second

word in a hyphenated compound word.

– Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

References

• Books

– Basic format for printed books is as follows:

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle. Location: Publisher.

References

• Online Sources

– Follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information

the online host makes available, including an issue number in

parentheses.

• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title

of online periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved

month day, year, from http://www.address.com/full/url/

References

• Article from a Database

– Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of

enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved

February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database.

References

• Chapter or Section of a Web Document

– Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting

Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache

modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006, from

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

For More Information

• Pocket APA Guide or Big APA Guide

• http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/

• http://owl.english.purdue.edu

• http://www.apastyle.org

understanding apa

communicate hierarchical order

signal phrase

peoples ideas

direct quote

basic rules

issue number

lowercase heading

apa style

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