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Country fact sheet
September 2017
Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA
Land cover 2012
Turkey
Turkey
1
Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 The overall pace of land cover development in Turkey has increased, comparing with the previous period. However, the overall annual change rate – 0,12% - is still quite low in comparison with other European countries – about one half of the European average. The landscape exchange in the country is driven by forest creation and management, followed by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures and internal agricultural conversions. Water bodies creation occurs much more frequently in Turkey, than in the period 2000-2006 and became one of the most significant drivers of change in the landscape of this country. The artificial sprawl in Turkey has accelerated – with 1.34% annual artificial land take rate is more than twice higher, than in the period 2000-2006. The major concentration of the sprawl is situated around the Bosphorus strait. There is also the highest amount of forest conversions situated in that area. Unlike in previous period, the changes in land cover are densely scattered over the whole country. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. The accounts for Azores and Madeira are not included into this analysis. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Turkey: 6
2%
26%
17%25%
12%
15%
1% 2%
1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]
-60000
-30000
0
30000
60000
90000
1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]
-1.0
2.0
5.0
8.0
1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year
2006]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
Summary balance table 2006-2012
Art
ific
ial a
rea
s
Ara
ble
lan
d &
pe
rma
ne
nt
cro
ps
Pa
stu
res
& m
osa
ics
Fo
rest
ed
lan
d
Se
mi-
na
tura
l v
eg
eta
tio
n
Op
en
sp
ace
s/ b
are
so
ils
We
tla
nd
s
Wa
ter
bo
die
s
TO
TA
L[h
un
dre
ds
ha
]
Land cover 2006 13095 204569 135313 194304 97798 117826 4195 13071 780172
Consumption of initial LC 393.2 822.5 820.9 2527.9 460.6 322.5 39.1 60.3 5447
Formation of new LC 1374.7 595.9 309.6 2494.3 79.3 29.9 23.8 539.5 5447
Net Formation of LC 981.5 -226.6 -511.3 -33.6 -381.3 -292.6 -15.3 479.2 0
Net formation as % of initial year 7.5 -0.1 -0.4 0.0 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 3.7
Total turnover of LC 1767.9 1418.4 1130.5 5022.2 539.9 352.4 62.9 599.8 10894
Total turnover as % of initial year 13.5 0.7 0.8 2.6 0.6 0.3 1.5 4.6 1.4
Land cover 2012 14077 204342 134802 194271 97417 117534 4180 13550 780172
Turkey
2
Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012
0.08%
0.12%
0 30000 60000 90000
2000-2006
2006-2012
2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]
0 30000 60000 90000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-10000 0 10000 20000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]
Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012
Annual land cover change [ha/year] 62291 90783
Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.08% 0.12%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7201 17563
Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 5665 15126
Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 4093 3049
Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 1316 1622
Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 1407 -560
Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -5367 -10607
Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 269 7731
0
20000
40000
lcf1
Urb
an la
nd m
anag
emen
t
lcf2
Urb
an r
esid
entia
l spr
awl
lcf3
Spr
awl o
f ec
onom
ic s
ites
and
infr
astr
uctu
res
lcf4
Agr
icul
ture
inte
rnal
con
vers
ions
lcf5
Con
vers
ion
from
for
este
d &
natu
ral l
and
to a
gric
ultu
re
lcf6
Withd
raw
al o
f fa
rmin
g
lcf7
For
ests
cre
atio
n an
dm
anag
emen
t
lcf8
Wat
er b
odie
s cr
eatio
n a
ndm
anag
emen
t
lcf9
Cha
nges
due
to
natu
ral a
ndm
ultip
le c
ause
s
2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
3
Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)
0.57
%
1.34
%
0
10000
20000
2000-2006 2006-2012
3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,
% of initial year]
Artificial sprawl accelerates rapidly
The artificial development in Turkey in 2006-2012 is very intensive and it is the second most powerful driver of change in the country. Also, comparing with the European average, the artificial land take rate of Turkey is very high – 1.34% - which is the second highest in Europe, behind Spain. There has been observed a rapid acceleration of the sprawl – the land take rate is more than twice higher than in the period 2000-2006. The major concentration of artificial development is located around the Bosphorus strait – the rest of the country is covered by scattered sprawl, with highest density along the western coast and also in the surroundings of the capital city of Ankara. Construction and sprawl of mines and quarrying areas are the two strongest drivers of land take, followed by diffuse residential sprawl and industrial and commercial one. All of these flows show significantly higher intensity, compared with previous the period. Also the pace of internal recycling of developed urban land – represented by conversion from construction sites - has increased very rapidly.
68%
13%
5%
9% 5%
3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]
0 2000 4000 6000
3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]
-500
1500
3500
Con
tinu
ous
urba
n fa
bric
Dis
cont
inuo
us u
rban
fab
ric
Ind
ustr
ial o
r co
mm
erci
alun
its
Roa
d an
d ra
il ne
twor
ks a
ndas
soci
ated
land
Por
t ar
eas
Airpo
rts
Min
eral
ext
ract
ion
site
s
Dum
p si
tes
Con
stru
ctio
n si
tes
Gre
en u
rban
are
as
Spo
rt a
nd le
isur
e fa
cilit
ies
3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]
2000-2012
2006-2012
Turkey
4
Agriculture (2006-2012)
Prevailing conversion from pasture to arable
Behind the consumption of agricultural land by artificial land take and also by water bodies creation, the development of agricultural land in the country is driven by internal agricultural conversions, which occur with significantly higher intensity, compared to the previous period. Prevailing direction is the conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops – in particular the diffuse one. However, both diffuse and uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture are also very frequent processes in the Turkish landscape. As mentioned above, the agricultural land is frequently consumed by water bodies creation and also by intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture to a lesser extent.
21134%
21220%
2130.4%221
1%2224%
2231%
2316%
2410.001
%
24213%
24321%
4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]
-0.4
2%
-0.4
0%
-1.3
2%
-0.0
7%
-0.2
4%
-0.1
8%
-1.5
3%
-0.8
0%
-0.2
4%
0.14
%
0.24
%
3.70
%
0.76
%
0.89
%
1.87
%
0.48
%
0.39
%
0.07
%
-50000
-25000
0
25000
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land
Ric
e fie
lds
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
pe
rman
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
211 Non-irrigated arable land
212 Permanently irrigated land
213 Rice fields
221 Vineyards
222 Fruit trees and berry plantations
223 Olive groves
231 Pastures
241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns
243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas
-6000
-3000
0
3000
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land R
ice
field
s
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
per
man
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
5
Forest & nature (2006-2012)
45%
23%
28%
1%
3%
5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012
[% of total area]
Forest
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
Increase of water bodies creation
Forest creation and management with even slightly increasing tendency is the most frequent driver of land cover exchange in Turkey. Recent felling and transition is the prevailing direction of these internal flows, which depicts the same situation as in the previous period. Comparing with these conversions, forest creation over dry semi-natural land is much less frequent, however, it is also a quite usual process in this country. The situation in forest development is comparable to previous period – concerning both quantity of flows and structure. There is a very significant incidence of water bodies creation in Turkey – it is consuming mainly agricultural land. These processes are much more extensive, than in the period 2000-2006.
-0.5
3%
-2.0
1%
-0.5
4%
-0.4
6%
-0.5
7%
-1.4
2%
-3.0
5%
-0.0
5%
-0.2
0%
-80.
06%
-1.7
2%
-0.1
1%
-2.7
0%
-0.1
9%
-0.0
5%
-100
.00%
1.05
%
0.80
%
0.35
%
0.08
%
0.09
%
2.04
%
0.33
%
0.02
%
9.85
%
0.93
%
100.
00%
0.01
%
2.69
%
1.55
%
4.37
%
2.77
%
7.41
%-120000
-60000
0
60000
120000
180000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
us v
eget
atio
n
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
area
s
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s/pe
rp.
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
-12000
-8000
-4000
0
4000
8000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
us v
eget
atio
n
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
are
as
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s an
d pe
rpet
ual
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
6
Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012
7%
15%
15%
46%
9%
6%
Wet. 1% 1%
6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
25%
11%
6%
46%
1%
1%Wet. 0,4%
10%
6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
lcf16% lcf2
3%
lcf316%
lcf412%
lcf54%
lcf61%
lcf746%
lcf89%
lcf93%
6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]
lc f1 U rban land management
lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl
lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures
lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions
lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture
lc f6 Withdrawal of farming
lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management
lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management
lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes
Turkey
7
Artificial areas
Arable land &
permanent crops25%
Pastures & mosaics
32%
Forested land19%
Semi-natural
vegetation12%
Open spaces / bare soils
11%
Wetlands0.2%
Water bodies
1%
7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
Cont. urban fabric0.2% Disc.
urban fabric17%
Ind./ comm.15%
Road/rail network
2%
Port areas1%
Airports1%
Mineral extraction
28%
Dump sites0.4%
Construct.33%
Green urban1%
Sport/ leisure
2%
7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
0.53%
1.25%
0 10000 20000
2000-2006
2006-2012
7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]
-5000 -2000 1000 4000
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)
lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl
lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl
lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites
lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks
lcf33 Sprawl of harbours
lcf34 Sprawl of airports
lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas
lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites
lcf37 Construction
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf911 Semi-natural creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)
7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
8
Agriculture
Disc. ur. f.0,2%
Ind./com. 0,2%
Port areas0.2%Miner. ex.5%
Dump sites0.2% Construct.
3%Broad-leaved forest3%
Coniferous forest2%Mixed forest0.5%
Natural grassland
41%Scleroph. veg.3%
Transit-woodland/
shrub14%
Beaches, dunes,
sand plains0.3%
Bare rock0.1%
Sparsely vegetated
areas14%
Burnt areas0.3%
Inland marshes
10%
Salt marshes0.05%
Water bodies
5%
8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable33%
Perm. irrigated
land13%
Rice fields1%Vineyards
2%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
11%
Olive groves
4%
Pastures13%
Complex cultivation patterns
4%
Agriculture with
natural veg.19%
8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable27%
Perm. irrigated
land17%
Rice fields1%
Vineyards0.1%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
3%
Olive groves
1%
Pastures15%
Complex cultivation patterns
20%
Agriculture with
natural veg.16%
8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Cont. urban fabric0.2%
Disc. urban fabric17% Industrial/
commercial 11%
Road/rail network
1%Port areas
0.03%Airports
1%Mineral
extraction10%
Dump s.0,2%Constr.21%
Green u.0,2%Sp./l. 1%Broad-l.f.
0,2%Conif. f.0,1%
Mixed f.0,001%
Nat. g.1%
Trans. w./s.2%
Beaches0,1%
Spar. v.a.0,1%
Inland m.1%
Peat.0,004%
Water c.0,4%
Water bodies32%
8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
-1000 1000 3000
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to
agriculture
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land
2006-2012 [ha/year]
-5000 -2000 1000 4000
Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land
Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops
8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
9
0 2000 4000
lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and
pasture
lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture
lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land
lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and
orchards
lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to
olive groves
lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and
orchards
lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land
lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable
land
lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable
land
lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards
lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves
lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent
crops
lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters
lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent
crops
lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and
permanent crops
lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry
9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-8000 -5000 -2000 1000
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture
lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)
9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
10
Forest & nature
Disc. urban fabric0.5%
Industrial/ commercial
0,2%
Mineral extraction
7%Dump sites0.1%
Construct.5%
Non-irrigated arable27%
Perm. irrigated
land18%
Rice fields3%Vineyards
0.2%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
1%
Olive groves0.4%
Pastures6%
Complex cultivation patterns
14%
Agriculture with
natural veg.17%
10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest0.4%
Coniferous forest0.2%
Mixed f.0,002%
Natur. g.4%
Scleroph.v.0,03%
Trans. w.s.7%
Beaches0,2%
Sparsely v.a.1%
Inland m.3%
Peatb.0,01%
Water c.3%
Water bodies81%
Coastal lagoons0.4%
Sea and ocean0.2%
10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012
[% of total]
Broad-leaved forest6%
Coniferous forest8%
Mixed forest3%
Natural grassland
31%
Scleroph. veg.3%
Transit. woodland/
shrub19%
Beaches, dunes,
sand plains1%
Bare rock1%
Sparsely vegetated
areas19%
Burnt areas0.1%
Inland marshes
3%
Salt marshes
0.2%
Water courses0.4%
Water bodies
2%
Coastal l.0,01%
Sea and ocean1%
10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of
total]
Disc. urban fabric3% Ind./com
8%Road/rail network
2%Port areas
1%Airports
1%
Mineral extraction
31%
Dump sites0.4%
Construct.23%
Green urban0.5%
Sport/ leisure
2%
Non-irrigated arable11%
Perm. irrigated
land4%
Rice fields0.3%
Vineyards1%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
3%
Olive groves
1%
Pastures2% Complex
cultivation patterns
1%
Agriculture with
natural veg.6%
10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest19%
Conifer. forest28%
Mixed forest13%
Transit. woodland
shrub40%
10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]
0 10000 20000 30000
Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Recent fellings and transitions
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Forest creation, afforestation
Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests
Forest creation over wetlands
10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
Turkey
11
Natural grassland
41%
Scleroph. vegetat.
4%Beachesd. and s. p.1%
Bare rock11%
Sparsely veget. areas43%
Burnt areas0.02%
Glaciers and
perpetual snow
0.003%
11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]
0 2000 4000
Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl
Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture
Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers
11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
Inland marshes
12%
Peatbogs0,0002%
Salt marshes
11%Salines
1%Water
courses6%Water
bodies69%
Coastal lagoons
1%
Estuaries0,01%
Sea and ocean
0.004%
11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]
-1000 2000 5000 8000
Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl
Conversion of wetlands toagriculture
Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Net water bodies creation
Net wetlands creation
11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
-30000 -10000 10000 30000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)
11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
12
-5000 -3000 -1000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf74 Recent felling and transition
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf82 Water bodies management
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)
lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)
12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-1000 2000 5000 8000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF91)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF912)
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)
12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Turkey
13
CLC Changes 2006-2012
CLC Changes 2000-2006
Turkey
14
Drivers of change 2006-2012
Drivers of change 2000-2006
Turkey
15
Artificial sprawl 2006-2012
Artificial sprawl 2000-2006
Turkey
16
Agriculture 2006-2012
Agriculture 2000-2006
Turkey
17
Forest and nature 2006-2012
Forest and nature 2000-2006
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