training the world’s best aviators

Training the World’s Best Aviators

7 out of 10 Atmosphere & Airmasses,

Pressure & Winds,

Stability and Clouds

7 out of 10 Frontal Weather

7 out of 10 Weather Hazards

7 out of 10 Weather Reports & Forecasts

7 out of 10 Weather Charts

Avn Weather Exam –

Why is weather important?

Weather affects everything we do!

What is weather?The state of the atmosphere with respect

to temperature, moisture content, turbulence, and cloudiness.

• Air temperature

• Humidity

• Clouds

• Precipitation

• Atmospheric Pressure

• Wind

Terminal Learning Objective

ACTION: Plan a flight for weather considerations

CONDITION: Acting as an aviator and given an IFR or VFR flight mission and available weather information.

STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Army Regulation (AR) 95-1, and Field Manual (FM) 1-230

Enabling Learning Objective A

ACTION: Identify the composition of the atmosphere and its effects on weather.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-1 thru 2-2

78%

NITROGEN

OXYGEN21%

OTHER GASES1%

Dry Air

Natural Air =

Dry air + Condensation Nuclei and Water Vapor

ACTION: The student will identify the layers of the atmosphere, height, and in which layer weather occurs.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-3

Enabling Learning Objective B

Layers of Atmosphere

- Troposphere

- Tropopause

- Stratosphere

Stratosphere

ACTION: The student will identify the atmospheric circulation, Coriolis force, and the three-cell theory.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 6-2, 3, 4

Enabling Learning Objective C

Atmospheric circulation begins with uneven heating.

H

H

L L L

Uneven heating from the sun

Atmospheric circulation is modified by…

Uneven heating from the sunCoriolis Force – The apparent force

caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.

Atmospheric circulation is modified by…

Uneven heating from the sunCoriolis Force – The apparent force

caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.

• Tilt of the earth

Atmospheric circulation is modified by…

H

H

L L LH HHH

HHHHL

L L

L

H

H

L L L

H HHH

L

L L

L

L

L L

HHH H

H

H

L L L

H HHH

L

L L

L

L

L L

HHH H

Global Circulation

Local circulation discussed in future classes

ACTION: The student will identify the four types of heat transfer.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about heat energy.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-5

Enabling Learning Objective D

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION• CONDUCTION• CONVECTION

Strongest thermal currents created over landmass during daylight

hours

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• RADIATION• CONDUCTION• CONVECTION• ADVECTION

Insolation

Terrestrial Radiation

Conduction

InsolationInsolation

Conduction

Convection

AdvectionAdvection

Sea Breeze Effect

Land Breeze Effect

Be back prior to arrival at OZR. (ETA 00+10)

ACTION: The student will identify the relationship of temperature with altitude change, to include temperature inversions.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the temperature.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-7b

Enabling Learning Objective E

A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF HEAT ENERGY

MEASURED IN DEGREES CELSIUS

Temperature

• Warmest temperatures near ground

• Decreases with altitude

• Standard Lapse Rate

• OLR – Observed Lapse Rate

TEMPERATUREINVERSIONS

WARMER AIR ABOVE COLDER AIR

• NOCTURNAL

• FRONTAL

Best conditions for nocturnal inversion - clear and cool night

Overcast Sky / Greenhouse Effect

prevents a temperature inversion

03o C 05o C0o C

ACTION: The student will identify the characteristics, classification, stability and movement of an air mass.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about air masses.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9

Enabling Learning Objective F

AIR MASS - A LARGE BODY OF AIR WHOSE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM

TEMP 2° CDP -10° C

TEMP 30° CDP 25° C

North American High

Siberian High

Icelandic High

Bermuda High

Pineapple High

AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

c = CONTINENTAL AIR MASS

(DRY AIR)

m = MARITIME AIR MASS

(MOIST AIR)

AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

A = ARCTIC AIR MASS (70° TO 90°)

P = POLAR AIR MASS (40° T0 60°)

T = TROPICAL AIR MASS (10° TO 30°)

E = EQUATORIAL AIR MASS (O° TO 10°)

AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

cP Continental Polar

Maritime Polar

mT Maritime Tropical warm, moist

cT Continental Tropical warm, dry

cold, moist

cold, dry

mP

Continental Arctic

Equatorial

cA

E

coldest, dry

warmest, moist

AIR MASSSTABILITY

w = Stable

k = Unstable

20°c

35°c

0°c

15°c

Stable air mass: air is warmer than the ground indicated by the symbol - w

AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS

W TYPE AIR MASS

• STRATUS CLOUDS• FOG• LOW CEILINGS• POOR VISIBILITY• SMOOTH FLYING CONDITIONS• LIGHT OR CALM WINDS• CONTINOUS LIGHT RAIN• USUALLY IFR CONDITIONS

Unstable air mass: air is colder than the ground indicated by the symbol - K

35°c20°c

15°c

0°c

AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICSK TYPE AIR MASS

• CUMULUS CLOUDS• HIGH CEILINGS• GOOD VISIBILITY• TURBULENCE• GUSTY SURFACE WINDS• THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN SHOWERS, HAIL, LIGHTNING

Hailstone sizeMeasurement Updraft Speed

in. cm. mph m/s

bb < 1/4 < 0.64 < 24 < 11

pea 1/4 0.64 24 11

marble 1/2 1.3 35 16

dime 7/10 1.8 38 17

penny 3/4 1.9 40 18

nickel 7/8 2.2 46 21

quarter 1 2.5 49 22

half dollar 1 1/4 3.2 54 24

walnut 1 1/2 3.8 60 27

golf ball 1 3/4 4.4 64 29

hen egg 2 5.1 69 31

tennis ball 2 1/2 6.4 77 34

baseball 2 3/4 7.0 81 36

tea cup 3 7.6 84 38

grapefruit 4 10.1 98 44

softball 4 1/2 11.4 103 46

AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION

cPk

mPk Maritime Polar unstable

mTw Maritime Tropical stable

Continental Tropical unstable

Continental Polar unstable

cTk

cPk

cTk

mPk

mTw

ACTION: The student will identify the typical weather associated with air masses.

CONDITION: Given pertinent information about a type of air mass.

STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9

Enabling Learning Objective G

FM 1-230 References for today

• Atmosphere 2-1 thru 2-3

• Temperature 3-1 thru 3-5

• Atmospheric Circulation 6-1 thru 6-5

• Air Masses 9-1 thru 9-11

FM 1-230 Referencesfor tomorrow…

• Pressure 5-1 thru 5-7

• Atmospheric Circulation 6-6 thru 6-8

Safety First…

“Nothing we do is worth an accident.”

STOPSTOP

Abandon hope all ye who enter hereAbandon hope all ye who enter here

You are entering the hidden slide ZoneYou are entering the hidden slide Zone

QUESTIONS

??