traditional rural buildings as instruments of rural development
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Traditional Rural Buildings as Instruments of Rural Development
Chris Bell
Countryside and Community Research Institute
ESRC CASE Studentship in collaboration with the National Trust
Outline
• Research context• Methodology• Findings (including use)
Research Context
Heritage values:
• Intrinsic value e.g. historical significance
• Instrumental value – how heritage assets can be used to achieve a goal e.g. aid rural development
“The historic environment is an important asset in the economic development and regeneration of rural areas and has the potential to make an even greater contribution in the future.” HELM
Traditional Rural Buildings
Traditional farm/working buildings• Ubiquitous in British countryside• Functionally redundant • Sense of place and local distinctiveness• Planning policy
Research Context
Sustainable rural economic development• What is this?
- maintaining income generation and job creation• How to foster this?
- Exogenous processes (external)? Endogenous processes (internal)? Both? - Local economic growth i.e. theories of export base, net income, growth poles, and immobile resources.
Research Context
- ‘The Leaky Bucket’ – fill it faster or plug the holes
“Pouring money into an area has minimum long-term impact if the wealth flows straight out again because there is nothing to hold it in the area” NEF (New Economics Foundation)
Source: NEF
Research Context
Key research question- How well does the initial investment from the adaptive
re-use of traditional rural buildings generate benefits for the local economy, in other words how well is it linked to local businesses and local people?
•Conversion works•New use
Initial investment into local economy
Re-spent locally?
Need local economic linkages
Methodology
6 stage process:
1. Literature review and conceptualisation2. Methodological design3. Primary data collection4. Data analysis, LM3 model development and
computation of multipliers5. Stakeholder consultation (National Trust)6. Toolkit development (use of findings)
Methodology
Measuring local economic linkages:
• Adapted LM3 model incorporating elements of a simple Keynesian Multiplier analysis - focuses on first 3 rounds of expenditure - LM3 score (the multiplier) falls between 1 and 3
LM3 Example
1.£1 enters local economy2. 80% spent in local businesses = 80p left in
local economy. 3. 60% of that 80p then spent in local businesses
= 48p left in local economy
(£1 + £0.80 + £0.48) / £1 = 2.28
LM3Round Activity Effect
1 Grant income plus contribution from National Trust or tenant
Direct
2 Expenditure on contractors and materials
Indirect
3 Expenditure made by contractors and suppliers
Indirect
3 Household expenditure Induced
Round Activity Effect
1 Attributable turnover from building use
Direct
2 Expenditure on goods, services and labour
Indirect
3 Expenditure by suppliers Indirect
3 Household expenditure Induced
Conversion works
Building use
Methodology
Primary data collection
• 30 buildings in England
• Model local economic impact of 1) conversion works, 2) building use, or both
• Defining the boundary of ‘local’ - drivetime
• Structured field interviews and telephone interviews
MethodologyBuilding locations
Methodology
Primary data collection
• 30 buildings in England
• Model local economic impact of conversion works, building use or both
• Defining the boundary of ‘local’ - drivetime
• Structured field interviews and telephone interviews
Methodology30minute Drivetime Map for Sheringham in Norfolk
Methodology
Primary data collection
• 30 buildings in England
• Model local economic impact of conversion works, building use or both
• Defining the boundary of ‘local’ - drivetime
• Structured field interviews and telephone interviews
Data
Conversion works:• 22 buildings• 14 Listed, 8 unlisted• 14 in-hand, 8 letBuilding use• 25 buildings• 15 Listed, 10 unlisted• 12 in-hand, 13 let
Data
Contractors:• 11 firms (24% response)
Suppliers:• 11 firms (25% response)
Householders:• 75 (13% response)
Methodology
Improving LM3• Estimating local expenditure beyond third
round• Additionality• Displacement• Attribution• Sensitivity analysis
Conversion Works Income Model (30min drivetime)
Conversion Works Employment Model
LM3 – Conversion WorksModel category Number of models Models within category
Building type 3 Animal housing, crop storage & processing,
other
Building size 2 < 464m2, > 464m2
Designation 2 Listed, Unlisted
SIC class 3 Accommodation and food services,
manufacturing, other
Tenure 2 In-hand, let
Total 12
LM3 – Building UseModel category Number of models Models within category
Building type 3 Animal housing, crop storage & processing,
other
Business age 2 < 5 years, > 5 years
Business size (by turnover)
2 < £75,000, > £75,000
Indigenous 2 Indigenous, non-indigenous
SIC class 3 Accommodation and food services,
manufacturing, other
Tenure 2 In-hand, let
Total 14
Findings - Summary
Conversion WorksVariable Highest Income
MultipliersHighest Employment Multipliers
Building type Animal housing OtherBuilding size < 464m2 < 464m2
Designation Listed ListedSIC class Manufacturing OtherTenure Let In-hand
Findings - Summary
Building Use
Variable Highest income multipliers
Highest employment multipliers
Building type Animal housing Crop storage and processing
Business age < 5 years < 5 years
Business size (turnover)
> £75k > £75k
Indigeneity Non-indigenous Indigenous
SIC class Accommodation and food services
Manufacturing
Tenure Let (30min), In-hand (county)
Let
Findings – Conversion Works
30 minute drivetime n Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Animal housing
7 1.75 - 2.34 1.74 - 1.90 12.4 - 18.4 6.9 - 8.3
Crop storage and processing
5 1.49 - 1.67 1.56 - 1.61 1.5 - 1.8 3.3 - 4.2
Other 10 1.22 - 1.34 1.75 - 2.06 16.3 - 19.9 4.2 - 5.4County
Income multiplier
Employment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Animal housing
7 1.82 - 2.63 1.91 - 2.15 12.8 - 20.6 7.5 - 9.5
Crop storage and processing
5 1.60 - 2.26 1.56 - 1.61 1.6 - 2.5 3.3 - 4.2
Other 10 1.37 - 1.60 2.03 - 2.46 18.3 - 23.8 4.8 - 6.5
Building type
Findings – Conversion Works
30 minute drivetime n Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Listed 14 1.38 – 1.55 1.98 – 2.39 26.2 – 32.7 10.9 – 14.6Unlisted 8 1.29 – 1.36 1.26 – 1.29 3.3 – 3.8 5.0 – 5.6
County Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Listed 14 1.47 – 1.76 2.21 – 2.73 27.9 – 37.0 12.2 – 16.8Unlisted 8 1.43 – 1.68 1.26 – 1.29 3.6 – 4.7 5.0 – 5.6
Designation
Findings – Building Use
30 minute drivetime n Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Indigenous 11 1.33 – 1.56 1.11 – 1.12 1.1 – 1.5 60.5 – 67.4Non-indigenous
12 1.47 – 1.67 1.10 – 1.11 0.9 – 1.1 138.7 – 154.2
County Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Indigenous 11 1.37 – 1.62 1.12 – 1.12 1.2 – 1.5 60.6 – 67.5Non-indigenous
12 1.52 – 1.78 1.11 – 1.11 0.9 – 1.2 138.7 – 154.3
Indigeneity
Findings – Building Use
30 minute drivetime n Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Accommodation and food services
7 1.49 – 2.09 1.11 – 1.11 0.9 – 1.4 88.2 – 98.2
Manufacturing 9 1.49 – 1.69 1.17 – 1.18 1.0 – 1.3 27.8 – 31.2Other 9 1.38 – 1.53 1.10 – 1.10 0.8 – 0.9 99.0 – 110.0
County Income
multiplierEmployment multiplier
Total income generated (£m)
Total jobs created (FTEs)
Accommodation and food services
7 1.75 – 2.82 1.11 – 1.11 1.1 – 1.9 88.6 – 98.6
Manufacturing 9 1.49 – 1.71 1.17 – 1.18 1.0 – 1.3 27.8 – 31.2Other 9 1.41 – 1.63 1.10 – 1.10 0.8 – 1.0 99.0 – 110.0
SIC Class
Using the Findings
• Workshop with senior National Trust policy staff
• Produce a set of principles/guidelines summarising the importance of considering local economic impact in strategic planning and when planning individual adaptive reuse projects.
Thank You
christopherbell@connect.glos.ac.uk
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