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Townsend Harris High School

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

The Ottoman Capital -- ConstantinopleAnatolian Peninsula located between the Black and Mediterranean Seas

“Golden Horn” – 15c map

“Golden Horn” from space

“Golden Horn”

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326• Leader of the Ottoman Turks and state.

• The Ottoman State, named after him,

would prevail as a world empire for almost six centuries. (It existed until 1 November 1922, after being in serious decline since the early 18th century.)

• Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299.

• The westward drive of the Mongol invasions had pushed scores of Muslims toward Osman's Anatolian principality, a power base that Osman was quick to consolidate.

• As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place.

The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

Divans/Vizier Divans/Vizier

Social / MilitaryDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslims JewsJews

ChristiansChristians

Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481

(“The Conqueror”)• Defeated the Serbs (Battle of Kossovo, 1389)

• Called “The Conqueror”, captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire.

• Turkish, the chosen language of the Ottoman court.

Europeans vs. Turks

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

Upon conquering Constantinople the Sultans began the restoration and beautification of the city.

The End of the Byzantine Empire

Janissaries

• Young Christian youths from conquered regions who were trained in infantry divisions.

• After being converted and educated they were enrolled in the elite regiments.

• Their control of artillery and firearms gained them prominence over aristocratic cavalry.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.asp

Notable Quotable• The Janissary corps was an elite group of

soldiers and administrators of the sultan’s army. In general, they were young Christian men chosen for their good looks and physical abilities. After initial recruitment, the janissaries had sons who also inherited the right to be in the corps. But by the early 1800’s, the force had become an undisciplined political power of over 100,000 men – so the sultan was forced to put its entire membership to death!

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Spanish fleet defeats the Ottoman and gains control of the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

The Ottoman Expansion was stopped by the Spanish.

Also the Siege of Vienna in 1529was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria. The inability of the Ottomans to capture Vienna in 1529 turned the tide against almost a century of conquest.

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia - interior

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

Suleiman’s Signature

1520 – 1566: “Golden Age” Ottoman ruled the largest empire in Europe and the Middle East

Suleiman expansion was finally stopped at the “Siege of Vienna”

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

• At its height, his empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and across North Africa.

• He had absolute power but ruled with the help of a grand vizier.

• Ottoman law was based on Sharia, officials worked with religious scholars who interpreted the law.

Qur’an Page:Arabic Calligraphy

• Religiously diverse empire.

• Like the janissaries, non-Muslim girls from Eastern Europe were brought to serve as slaves in wealthy Muslim households.

• They might be accepted as members of the household.

• Some were freed after the death of their masters.

Suleymaniye MosqueWalking Tour: http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200605/suleymaniye/

• One of the most beautiful mosques in Constantinople.

• Second largest in the city.

• Built on the order of Sultan Suleiman.

Blue Mosque

• The arts blossomed under Suleiman’s reign.

• Ottoman poets adapted Persian and Arab models to produce works in their own Turkish language.

• The sultans of the empire were patrons of Islamic art as Caliphs.

Blue Mosque - interior

Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel

Visits MuhammadA surge of artistic achievement in textiles, rugs, and wall hangingsbeing produced with intricate and beautiful color schemes and Islamic designs.

Calligraphy

Prayer Rug,16c Ottoman Empire

Qur’an Page:Abraham’s Sacrifice of

Isaac

Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

Scholars at the Galata Observatory

(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557• By the 1700’s European advances in both commerce and military technology were leaving the Ottomans behind.

• While European industry and trade pressed ahead the aging Ottoman empire remained dependent agriculture.

• Russia and there European powers chipped away at Ottoman lands, while local rulers in North Africa and elsewhere broke away from Ottoman control.

Roxelana• Roxelana, the brilliant and beloved wife

of Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent

• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1550sultanavisit.html

Questions for further exploration: • What were the origins and impact of the career of Roxelana

in the Ottoman Court? • How does the account of a European visitor summoned into

her presence indicate that she was a formidable intelligence-gatherer for her husband?

Ottoman Science: Smallpox Vaccination

• Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s description of a Smallpox vaccination in the Ottoman Empire.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/montagu-smallpox.html

Questions for further exploration: • What is Lady Montague’s seeming opinion of

Ottoman society and their attitude towards medical preparations?

• What is her seeming opinion of Western doctors?

The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

• Grand Vizier exercised more power, sultans retreated to their harems.

• Pashas became corrupt, with law and order being secondary concerns.

• Turkish culture became influenced by Western standards contrary to Islamic law. Alcohol, coffee and tobacco were used.

• Lacked a principle of succession led to warfare among prospective successors.

• Demand of local officials caused peasantry to flee. • Local officials began to keep more of the revenue.

• Ottoman Dynasty lasted for over

600 years.

• No other ruling family has ruled as long.

Safavid Empire

Tamerlane (1336-1405)or “Timur, the Lame”

• Tamerlane Fell in early 15th century.

• Ismail, descendant of Safi al-Din, founded the Safavid Dynasty in 1501.

Safavid Empire in Persia• Ismail and his successors called themselves

shahs or kings of the Persian Empire and considered themselves to be the spiritual leaders of Islam not the Ottoman caliph.

• The Safavids were able to seize much of present day Iraq and Iran.

• The Safavid Empire had a predominantly Shiite Muslim population. This population still had many conflicts with the Sunni Muslims of the region.

Abbas the Great• He revived the glory

of ancient Persia • Created a powerful

military force modeled on the Ottoman Janissaries.

• Established capital in Isfahan.

• Safavid empire reached greatest extent under his rule.

The Safavids profited from the struggles of rival Turkic groups after Mongol invasion – The Shi’a Muslims, came

from a family of Sufi preachers and mystics.

Capital City: Isfahan

• The Shah welcomed artists, poets, and scholars to his court.

• Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of Abbas.

• Pressure from Ottoman armies, conservative scholars challenged the authority of the shah

• In the end Sunni Afghans rebelled and defeated imperial armies.

Arts and Culture Detail of a silk carpet from the Safavid period.

(The design appears to be inspired by miniature painting.)

• The cultural growth was accompanied by considerable development in all forms of art. The Persian carpet, for example was at its finest during the Safavid era. Miniature paintings, Chinese and Arabic designs had an important influence in carpet motifs, and carpets became a major Persian export to Europe, India, and even the Ottoman Empire.

• The Safavids adopted Shi'ism as their state religion, which had an important role in unifying the Persians against the strict Sunni Ottoman Empire. Two centuries of intermittent wars followed which produced only minor territorial changes.

• By 1722 the Safavid rulers had lost much of their power leading to rebellions within the empire. A small force of Afghans, led by the Ghilzai chief Mahmud, took advantage of this, invading Khorassan, and capturing Isfahan.

  

Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

• Between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514.

• Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms.

• Checked the western advance of their Shi’a state

• Decimated the ranks of Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid Empire

• After battle Persian will become the official language of the Safavid Empire

Religious Leaders

• Imams– Shi’a religious leaders who traced

their descent to Ali’s successors.

• Mullahs– Religious leaders under the

Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism.

• Qizilbash (Redheads)– Called because of colorful red

headgear – followers of Shah Ismail founder of Safavid dynasty – Ismail imposed Shi’a as main religion.

The Quick Decline of the Safavid Empire

• Death of Shah Abbas created a power vacuum. • Lack of principal of succession

– Abbas eliminated his rivals – leaving no capable rule to succeed him.

• Shiite dissatisfied with peace with the Sunnis• Bordering nations seized territory.

– Afghans invaded from the East, Ottoman Turks from the West, Persia fell into a state of political chaos and anarchy.

• Persia would remain in this state for many years.

Legacy of the Safavid EmpirePlanted Shiite traditions firmly in Iran,

Gave Persians a strong sense of their own identity.

Tensions between the Shiite Safavid and Sunni Ottoman Turks arose in several events in the history of the Persian Empire.

Sunni vs. ShiaSunnah Shia (or Shi'ah)

adherents called Sunnis Shiites, Shi'i

meaning of name "well-trodden path" or "tradition" "party" or "partisans" of Ali

current adherents 940 million 120 million

percentage of total Muslims 90% 10%

primary locations most Muslim countries Iran, Iraq, Yemen

originsc. 632 CE; theology developed especially in

10th cent. c. 632-650 CE; killing of Ali's son Husayn in

680 CE is major event

did Muhammad designate a successor?

no yes

true successor of the Prophet Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favoured

wife, 'A'ishah (elected by people of Medina) 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's

daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet)

qualifications for ruler of Islam tribe of the Prophet (Quraysh); later, any

qualified ruler family of the Prophet

current leaders imams mujtahids

identity of imams human leaders infallible manifestations of God and perfect

interpreters of the Qur'an

Al Mahdi will come in the future was already on earth, is currently the "hidden

imam" who works through mujtahids to intepret Qur'an; and will return at the end of time

religious authority other than the Qu'ran

ijma' (consensus) of the Muslim community infallible imams

temporary marriage (mut'ah)practiced in the Prophet's time, but now

rejectedstill practiced

holy cities Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Najaf, Karbala

major holidays Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr, Ashura

The Delhi Sultanate

• Delhi sultanate lasted from 1206 - 1526

• The start of Muslim rule in northern India

The Mughal Dynasty • Founder – Babur.

– Established by Turkic invaders in 1526 and lasted until the middle of the19th Century.

• Father descended from Tamerlane and his mother from Genghis Khan

• He inherited at the age of 16 the rule of what remained of Tamerlane’s empire.

• He established himself as the power of north India.

• He loved learning and culture he even wrote his own memoirs.

Babur “the Tiger”

• Military Genius– Went to battles with troops

• Poet, Musician and Author– Wrote histories of India

• Designed gardens at capital city of Delhi

• Swept away Delhi Sultanate, ruled in its place.

Humayan (1530 – 1540) (1555 – 1556)

• Succeeded his father but was forced into exile.

• Will fight to restore the Mughal rule.

Akbar the Great(1556 – 1605)

• Babur’s grandson

• Oversaw building of military and administrative system

• Armies will extend the Mughal empire – Central and Northern India

• Patron of the arts

Mughal Dynasty

Akbar the Great

•Used heavy artillery to conquer independent fortresses across India.

•Created the greatest empire in India since the Mauryan Dynasty.

•Mughals/Moguls were Muslims ruling a Hindu nation.

Religious Complications• Akbar the Great strengthened Muslim rule by

instituting a policy of religious toleration. • Started Din-i-ilahi

– A new religion that attempted to blend elements of the many faiths with which he was familiar as a means of reconciling Hindus and Muslims.

• Religion was rejected by both Muslims and Hindus after Akbar’s death.

• Mughal empire declined because of religious intolerance.

Outlawed Sati

• Ritual burning– Women from high

caste Hindu women on their husband’s funeral pyres.

The Decline of the Mughal Empire Under Shah Jahan

• Akbar died in 1605; his son Jahangir Succeeded him.

• Shah Jahan began the decline– spent to much on the construction of the Taj Mahal

in his wife’s honor completely draining the treasure.

• His son ruled after him forbade sati and was not tolerant of other religions.

• Mughal and British trading increased, British army under Sir Robert Clive defeated Mughal army, gradually British forced dominated India until 1947.

Taj Mahal (1650)• Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal (took an active political role in

Mughal court)• built by her husband Shah Jahan

• most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India

Aurangzeb(1618 – 1707)

• This reading shows the character and policies of the

last of the Great Mughals, Aurangzeb, also known as

Alamgir I.

• http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Aurang.html

• Questions for further exploration:• Using the information provided at this site and its links to

Aurangzeb’s religious policies, discuss how Aurangzeb’s religious policies, his intolerance for rival politics on the subcontinent, and his expensive military campaigns eroded the foundations of the empire laid by Akbar without providing a new basis for its administration.

The British East India Company in India

• http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html

• Questions for further exploration:• What brought the company to the verge of bankruptcy

and led to government intervention in its affairs? • What impact did early British rule have on Bengal? • What was “indirect rule” and the “Doctrine of Lapse”

(which had no basis in India Law as the British well knew)?

• What policies eventually brought about the end of the Honorable Company?

Hindu – Muslim Differences

Hinduism • Ancient religion evolved

over thousand of years. • Many sacred texts, many

gods and goddesses. • Hindus accepted

differences in castes and honored Brahmans as a priestly caste

• Hindus celebrated religious occasions with music and dance

Muslims

• Devout monotheists, saw the statues and carvings in Hindi temples as an offense to the one true God

• Muslims taught the equality of all believers before God; no religious hierarchy

• Muslims condemned the caste system

Ottomans/Safavid/Mughal Empires

Similarities• Muslim dynasties arose and brought a new

flowering to Islamic civilization.

• Possessed great military and political power; They built empires through military conquest based on the effective use of firearms.

• Produced an artistic and cultural renaissance within Islam.

• They contributed to the spread of Islam to new regions.

• All three dynasties originated from Turkic nomadic cultures.

• Each possessed religious fervor and zeal for conversion.

• Each was ruled by an absolute monarch and drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations.

Differences

• Locations:

• The greatest, the Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the seventeenth century.

• To the East, the Safavids ruled in Persia and Afghanistan,

• The Mughals ruled much of India.

• Peoples:

• The Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples. United the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms in India for over 300 years.

• The Safavids mostly Muslims. The Safavids were Shi'a Muslims; the others were Sunni.

• The Ottomans, a mixture of Muslims and Christians.

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