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Towards Sustainable Mining and Recycling- Improving our control of global metal streams -
OECD / UNEP Conference on Resource Efficiency”
Paris, 23 – 25 April 2008
Dr. Joachim LohseÖko-Institut e.V.
Trends in global metal consumption
Copper consumption in the various continents [BGR 2005]
RWI, FhG-ISI, BGR [2007]
Collection efficiency in EU Member States
E-Waste (Dir. 2002/96/EC): • < 25% collected • collection of smaller appliances very poor
Batteries (Dir. 2006/66/EC):
Collection of metal-rich wastes
Batteries (Dir. 2006/66/EC): • Collection target 25% (2012) 45% (2016). • Some MS actually achieve < 5% presently.
End-of-life Vehicles (Dir. 2000/53/EC): • millions of cars exported as ‚2nd-hand‘
Case Study: “Analysis of Exports of Used Vehicles and Used Electrical and Electronic Devices at Hamburg Port” by M. Buchert, A. Hermann, W. Jenseit, H. Stahl, B. Osyguß, C. Hagelüken (2007)
Example: car exports from Germany
Car export documented by statistics
Car recycling in Germany
Fate unknown
Fate of deregistered cars from Germany
Important destination: West Africa
Gebraucht-Pkw Exporte von D nach Westafrika
80000
100000
120000
140000W
Togo
Nigeria
Niger
German used car exports to West Africa
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
2000 2001 2002 2005
PK
W
Ghana
Cote d'ivoire
Kamerun
Benin
Ø value per car: 800 – 2000 €Ø age of cars: 12-16 years
Gebraucht-Pkw Export aus D (82000) nach und Import aus D in Westafrika (78000)
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Export vs. import statistics West Africa
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Gambia
Ghana
Niger
PK
W Imp-W-Afrika
EX-D
Export Gebraucht-Pkw Naher und Mittlerer Osten
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
andere
German car exports to Middle East *
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
andere
Irak & Syrien
*„Middle East“: Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi-Arabia and the United Arabian Emirates
Wert Export Gebraucht-Pkw Naher und Mittlerer Osten (€/Stück)
6000
8000
10000
12000
Value of cars exported to Middle East
[€]
0
2000
4000
6000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Quelle: StBA
Web advertising for ELV exports
Summary for used car exports
• The ports of Hamburg and Antwerp play a major role for used car exports.
• 20% of cars exported via Hamburg come from Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Austria and Italy.
• More German cars are exported via Antwerp than via Hamburg.
• Huge data gap for intra-EU exports!• Huge data gap for intra-EU exports!
Export of 2.5 million passenger cars represents• 1.3 million tonnes of steel• 180,000 tonnes of aluminium• 110,000 tonnes of other non-ferrous metals• 6.25 tonnes of PGM
( = 30% of Germany‘s annual net PGM demand!)
Used electronics export from Hamburg
©J.
Res
ch /
DU
H
Lorry for export, filled with CRT monitors
Exporter A: • 100.000 monitors per month (estimated)
Company B: • 5.000 – 6.000 trucks per year to Nigeria; each filled with 2nd-hand goods, often electrical and electronics • plus 1.000 containers filled with 2nd-hand goods
Good to have take-back legislation!• Avoids toxic emissions• Saves valuable resources• Reduces mining impact on the environment• Saves CO2 emissions.
Conclusions
We need better Implementation:• Collect more!
[„Consider alternative financing mechanisms to promote higher collection rates?“]
• Treat better! • Improve monitoring!
BUT:
www.oeko.de
Age distribution as a possible indicator
Source: Auto Recycling Nederland
? !
‚Extended Producer Responsibility‘
“Electronics companies should:• Recognize their responsibility to extend their
supply chain management to include sourcing and mining of metals. […].
• Make efforts to increase the traceability of their metals. To do so, companies should map their supply chain down to the extractives phase.”
Source: makeITfair [2008]
Storage of copper ore concentrate
Ore concentrates come from e.g.: • Chile • Indonesia • USA • Australia • Russian Fed.
© Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, Hamburg
• Russian Fed.• Peru • Canada • Poland • China • Khazachstan • Sambia • Mexico • …
Track and trace
‚Tracing metals back to their source‘
Book and claim
A ‘Fair Ores’ labelling system
R & D is necessary on the following questions:
1. Quantitative (not always physical) proof of origin
Future Vision
2. Proof of sustainable extraction– Need to develop criteria and benchmarks
3. “Additionality” requirement:– Upgrading of existing mining activities towards more
sustainability– New mining activities under more sustainable conditions– Intensified recycling!
www.oeko.de
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