todaro 5 kemiskinan id.ppt
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 5-1
Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan dan Pembangunan
Kuliah Ketujuh
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Kontroversi Pertumbuhan: Tujuh Pertanyaan Kritis
Seberapa besar ketimpangan di NSB, dan bagaimana kaitannya dengan kemiskinan absolut? Siapakah golongan miskin? Apa ciri-cirinya?Siapakah yang memperoleh manfaat dari pertumbuhan ekonomi? Mengapa?
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Kontroversi Pertumbuhan: Tujuh Pertanyaan Kritis (2)
Apakah pertumbuhan yang cepat dicapai dengan mengorbankan pemerataan? Apakah kaum miskin memperoleh manfaat dari pertumbuhan?Apakah kerugian dari ketimpangan?Apa saja kebijakan yang dapat mengurangi kemiskinan?
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1. Distribusi Ukuran Pendapatan
2. Kurva Lorenz
3. Koefisien Gini dan Ukuran Ketimpangan Agregat
4. Distribusi Fungsional
Mengukur Ketimpangan
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Table 5.1
1. Diperoleh data pendptan individu2. Peringkatkan dari terendah-tertinggi3. Pengelompokan pendapatan
a. - 40% termiskin- 40% menengah- 20% tertinggi
b. Quintil per 20%an - Q1 = 20 termiskin- Q2 = 20 menengah rendah- Q3 = 20 menengah saja- Q4 = 20 menengah tinggi- Q5 = 20 tertinggi
c. Desil
Langkah2 pengukuran ketimpangan
Pendapatan 40% termiskin = total pendapatan 40% termiskin x 100%total pendapatan nasional
Pendapatan 40% termiskin = 14 juta x 100% = 14%100 juta
misalkan
Pendapatan 40% menengah = 35 juta x 100% = 35%100 juta
Pendapatan 20% terkaya = 51 juta x 100% = 51%100 juta
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Figure 5.1
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Perbandingan Kurva Lorenz
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Estimasi Koefisien Gini
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G = 2 ∑(x-y) ∆x 10.000
G = 0,5 – 0,7 ketimpangan tinggiG = 0,35 – 0,5 ketimpangan sedangG = 0,2 – 0,35 ketimpangan rendah
Koefisien Gini
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Kemungkinan Pergeseran
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Distribusi Fungsional
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Mengukur Kemiskinan
Kemiskinan Absolut1. Headcount Index =
2. Total Poverty Gap = total dari penjumlahan antara selisih garis kemiskinan dengan pendapatan orang / penduduk miskin.
Dimana Yp adalah garis kemiskinan absolut
Yi adalah pendapatan dari orang i
HI = jumlah pnddk miskin x 100% jumlah pnddk
TPG Y Yp ii
H
( )1
TPG Y Yp ii
H
( )1
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Figure 5.6
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Mengukur Kemiskinan (2)
3. Average Poverty Gap => rata-rata pendapatan yg dibutuhkan oleh setiap orang miskin u/ tidak lagi keluar dari kemiskinan
dimana : H adalah jumlah penduduk miskinTPG adalah total poverty gap
APGTPG
H
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Mengukur Kemiskinan (3)
4. Normalized poverty gap (NPG) adalah ukuran jurang kemiskinan dibandingkan terhadap garis kemiskinan. Nilainya berkisar antara 0 hingga 1, dan dapat dibandingkan antar negara:
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Mengukur Kemiskinan (4)
5. Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index (FGT) : Ukuran derajat ketimpangan diantara masyarakat miskin
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Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan dan Pembangunan (2)
Kuliah Kedelapan
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Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan dan Pembangunan
Sub Pokok Bahasan :1. Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan kesejahteraan sosial.2. Kemiskinan Absolut : Cakupan dan ukuran.3. Karakteristik ekonomi masyarakat miskin.4. Cakupan pilihan kebijakan
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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial
What’s so bad about inequality?
1. Inefisiensi ekonomi dan alokasi aset.
2. Melemahkan stabilitas sosial dan solidaritas.
3. Ketidakadilan.
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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial (2)
Pembangunan Dualistik dan Pergeseran Kurva Lorenz : Tiga tipologi khusus
– Perluasan sektor modern– Pengayaan sektor modern– Pengayaan sektor tradisional
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Figure 5.7
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Figure 5.8
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Figure 5.9
Hipotesis Kurva U-terbalik Kuznets
Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial (3)
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Bukti Kurva U terbalik
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Peningkatan pendapatan per kapita memperparah ketimpangan?
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Figure 5.11
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Figure 5.12
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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial (4)
Growth and inequality (see Figure 5.13)
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Figure 5.13
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Figure 5.14
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Kemiskinan Absolut: Cakupan dan Ukuran
Kemiskinan : Beberapa perkembangan Pertumbuhan dan kemiskinan
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Figure 5.15
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Figure 5.16
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Table 5.4
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Table 5.4 (cont’d)
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Table 5.4 (cont’d)
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Figure 5.17 (a)
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Figure 5.17 (b)
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Table 5.6
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Karakteristik Ekonomi Kelompok Masyarakat Miskin
Kemiskinan Pedesaan (Tabel 5.5)Perempuan dan kemiskinan.Etnis minoritas, penduduk pribumi dan kemiskinan
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Table 5.5
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The Range of Policy Options: Some Basic Considerations
Areas of intervention Policy options
– Changing relative factor prices– Progressive redistribution of asset ownership– Progressive taxation– Transfer payments and public provision of goods
and services The need for a ‘package’ of policies
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Area intervensi
Mengubah distribusi fungsional. Memeratakan distribusi ukuran. Mengurangi distribusi ukuran penduduk
berpengahsasilan tinggi Meninkatkan distribusi ukuran penduduk
berpengahsasilan rendah.
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Bidang-bidang Intervensi kebijakan
Mengubah distribusi fungsional. Memeratakan distribusi ukuran Mengurangi distribusi ukuran golongan
penduduk berpenghasilan tinggi. Meningkatkan distribusi ukuran golongan
penduduk berpengasilan rendah.
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Figure 5.18
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