tlic307c - drive medium rigid vehicle - learner guide
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Learner Guide
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Contents
What this Learners Guide is about........................................ 1Planning your learning ........................................................... 2How you will be assessed...................................................... 5
Section 1............................................................................................. 7Licensing requirements and traffic laws ................................. 7
Section 2........................................................................................... 55Vehicle preparation .............................................................. 55
Section 3........................................................................................... 84Drive vehicle in a safe efficient manner ............................... 84
Section 4........................................................................................... 96Completing a drivers log book............................................. 96
Additional resources..................................................................... 102Feedback on activities .................................................................. 104
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Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 1Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L April 2008 ADELG1014
What this Learners Guide is about
ThisLearnersGuideisabouttheskillsandknowledgerequiredtodriveamediumrigidvehiclesafelyincludingsystematicandefficientcontrolofallvehiclefunctions,monitoringoftrafficandroadconditions,managementofvehicleconditionandperformanceandeffectivemanagementofhazardoussituations.Assessmentofthisunitwillusuallybeundertakenwithinalicensingexaminationconductedby,orundertheauthorityof,therelevantstate/territoryRoadTrafficAuthority
Personsachievingcompetenceinthisunitwillneedtofulfilalloftherelevantstate/territorylearnerpermitordriverlicencerequirements
beforedrivingamediumrigidvehicleonapublicroad.
TheElementsofCompetencyfromtheunitTLIC307CDrivemediumrigidvehiclecoveredinthisLearnersGuidearelistedbelow.
Drivethemediumrigidvehicle
Monitortrafficandroadconditions
Monitorandmaintainvehicleperformance
ThisunitofcompetencyisfromtheTransportandLogisticsTrainingPackage(TLI07).
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Page 2 Australian National Training Authority 2003ADELG1014 Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L April 2008
Planning your learning
ItisimportanttoplanyourlearningbeforeyoustartbecauseyoumayalreadyhavesomeoftheknowledgeandskillsthatarecoveredinthisLearnersGuide.Thismightbebecause:
youhavebeenworkingintheindustryforsometime,and/or
youhavealreadycompletedtraininginthisarea.
Togetherwithyoursupervisorortrainerusethechecklistsonthefollowingpagestohelpyouplanyourstudyprogram.Youranswerstothequestionsinthechecklistwillhelpyouworkoutwhichsectionsof
thisLearnersGuideyouneedtocomplete.
ThisLearnersGuideiswrittenwiththeideathatlearningismademorerelevantwhenyou,thelearner,areactuallyworkingintheindustry.Thismeansthatyouwillhavepeoplewithintheenterprisewhocanshowyouthings,discusshowthingsaredoneandansweranyquestionsyouhave.Alsoyoucanpractisewhatyoulearnandseehowwhatyoulearnisappliedintheenterprise.
IfyouareworkingthroughthisLearnersGuideandhavenotyetfoundajobintheindustry,youwillneedtotalktoyourtraineraboutdoingworkexperienceorworkingandlearninginsomesortofsimulatedworkplace.
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Section 1: Licensing requirements and trafficlaws
Areyouableto: Yes No
1. describeandexplainthelicencecategoriesforheavyvehicledrivers,asgivenintherelevanthandbook?
2. describeandexplaintrafficlawsandregulationsforamediumrigidvehicles,asgivenintherelevantroadtrafficandsafetylegislation?
3. describeandexplaintrafficregulationsrelatedtospecialrequirementsofmediumrigidvehicledrivers,asgivenintherelevantroadtrafficandsafetylegislation?
4. describeandexplainemergencyandreportingproceduresinthecaseofaccidentsorbreakdowns,asgivenintherelevantroadtrafficandsafetylegislation?
5. steer,manoeuvreandpositionthevehicleinaccordancewithtrafficregulations,vehiclelimitationsandroaddimensions?
6. monitorandanticipatetrafficandroadconditionsinordertoavoidaccidentsandmaximiseprogress?
Section 2: Vehicle preparation
Areyouableto: Yes No
1. maintainvehicleperformancethroughpre-operationalinspectionsandchecksofthevehicle?
2. monitortheperformanceandefficiencyofthevehicleduringuse?
3. stopthevehiclesafelywithoutdangertopassengers,vehicle,propertyorload?
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Section 3: Drive vehicle in a safe efficientmanner
Areyouableto: Yes No1. manageenginepowertoensure
efficiencyinperformanceandtominimiseenginegeardamage?
2. monitorthevehicleformalfunctionsandmakesureofmaximumoperationalefficiency?
Section 4: Completing a drivers log book
Areyouableto: Yes No
1. ensurevehiclerecordsaremaintained/updatedandinformationisprocessedinaccordancewithcompanyprocedures?
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How you will be assessed
AssessmentofthisUnitofCompetencywillincludeobservationofrealorsimulatedworkprocessesusingworkplaceproceduresandquestioningonunderpinningknowledgeandskills.Itmustbedemonstratedinanactualorsimulatedworksituationundersupervision.
Youwillberequiredto:
adjusttyrepressure/inflatetyre
changeawheel
tiltandlowercab
cleanvehicle
completeapre-departurecheck
drivearigidvehicleprofessionally.
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Page 6 Australian National Training Authority 2003ADELG1014 Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L April 2008
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Section 1
Licensing requirements andtraffic laws
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Section outline
Areascoveredinthissection
Licensing
Thedrivingtest
Roadtestinformation
Defensivedriving
Observationskills
Safedriving
Driverstress
Alcoholandotherdrugs
Loadingandlashing
Dangerousgoods
Emergencyoraccidentsituation
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Licensing
AnAustralia-wideinitiativetoimplementcommonandsimplified
categoriesforvehiclesabove8tonnesGrossVehicleMass(GVM)inallstates/territorieswasintroducedinSeptember1995.
ThisregulationchangemakesiteasierfortheTransportIndustrytooperateacrossstate/territoryborders.Italsoassistsprofessionaldriverstotransferlicenceswhenmovingtoanotherstate/territory.
Whenyoureceiveaheavyvehiclelicence,youbecomeeligibletodrivetrucksandbusesinthatcategory,andalllessercategories.
WhatisGrossVehicleMass(GVM)?
GVMmeansthemaximumpermissiblecombinedweightandsizeofthemotorvehicleanditsloadasstatedontheregistrationcertificate.
Yourdriverslicence
Driversareentitledtousetheroadsystemaslongas:
theyunderstandtherulesrelatingtodriving,includingboththeTrafficActandMotorTrafficRegulations
holdacurrentlicenceforanyvehicletheydrive
obeytheroadrulesanddrivesafelyandresponsibly
dotheirbesttolessentheimpactoftheirvehicleontheenvironment,andusetheroadsystemefficiently.
Ifadrivercommitsatrafficoffencetherearepenalties,suchas:
fines
licencecancellation
disqualification suspension
imprisonment(inextremecases).
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Heavy vehicle licence
Recentreformstothelicensinglawsmakegoodsenseforthe
followingreasons.
Theheavyvehiclelicencegraduationsystemallowsdriverstogainexperiencewithsimplevehiclesbeforeattemptingtooperatemorecomplexarticulatedvehicles.
InVictoria(checkyourownstate/territoryrequirements),lightrigid(LR)ormediumrigid(MR)licencecanbeobtained12monthsaftergainingacarlicence.
Ifyoualreadyholdaheavyvehiclelicence,youwillnowbeabletotransfertotheequivalentlicencecategoryunder
thenewreformswithoutrequiringanyadditionaltesting.
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The bus industry
Thebusindustryhasitsownsystemtotrainbusdriversinspecific
skills.Ifyoucurrentlyoperatetrucksandwishtogainemploymentasabusdriver,yournewemployerwillbeabletoprovidedetailsofanyadditionaltrainingyoumayrequire.
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Activity 2: How do you get driver training?
If you want to get into the heavy transport industry, how do you go
about training for a Heavy Vehicle Licence?
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Can you drive a semi trailer straight away?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Thedrivingtest
Thefollowingrequirementsneedtobemettoobtainadrivinglicence.
Youwillhavetoprovideproofofidentity.Yourlicensingpeoplewillexplainwhatisneeded.
Youwillberequiredto:
passadrivingtestinthecorrectvehicleforthelicenceyouareseeking
completeawritten/verbalknowledgetest.
Notethatthedrivingtestinvolvesbothon-roaddrivingandskillsevaluation.
Roadtestinformation
Thistestisdesignedtoassessyourperformanceinthefollowingsituations:
gearchanging,correctchanginginsequence
acceleration
steering
reversing
enteringandleavingyourvehiclesafely
lanekeeping:
onturns
curves
straightlines
positioningthevehiclefora90degreeturn
brakeapplicationandsmoothnesswhenapplying
judgementofbrakingdistancesatnormalstopssuchasstopsigns
indicatorsignallingbeforemovement(minimumof3seconds)andcancellingsignalaftercompletionofthemovement
generalobservationwhile:
adjustingyourmirrors,seatbeltandseat
turning
lanechanging approachingintersections.
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Theroadtestwilltakeabout30minutestocompleteandyoumustachieveaminimumof80%topass.
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Activity 3: Obtain guide to heavy vehicle test
Obtain from your vehicle licensing department a Guide to HeavyVehicle Test (it may be called something else in your
state/territory).
This will give you a description of the performance checks requiredin your on-road test.
Termination of your road test will occur for any of the followingreasons:
disobeying a stop sign or red traffic signal
failing to give way
colliding with a vehicle, pedestrian or fixed object
performing an illegal manoeuvre
exceeding the speed limit
refusing to attempt any manoeuvre
repeated failure to follow instructions
action that required outside help to avoid a collision
lack of control over vehicle (or self)
causing a dangerous situation
mounting a kerb with any one wheel.
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Activity 4: Consequences of driving un-roadworthy vehicle
Tick the correct answer or answers.
If you drive an un-roadworthy vehicle:
you may be liable for a fine
you and the owner may be liable for a fine
you may have your registration plates removed.
You should adjust your vehicles mirrors:
before entering your vehicle
as you move off
after adjusting the seat.
You should do regular mechanical inspections:
once a week
once a month
once every three months.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Defensivedriving
Beingtechnicallyorlegallyintherightisnocompensationforthedeath,injuryorpropertydamagethatroadaccidentscancause.
Agooddefensivedriverwill:
avoidcausingaccidents
avoidbecominginvolvedinaccidentscausedbyotherroadusers
knowandobeyroadlawsandregulations
minimisedangerbybeingalertandconsiderate.
Observationskills
Gooddefensivedrivingrequiressuperiorobservationskills.Youneedtoknowwhatishappeningallaroundyourvehicle.
Failuretoobservecarefullyisamajorcauseofaccidents.Althoughdriverslookahead,mostdontlookfarenough,nordotheyanalysewhattheysee.Youmustseewhatishappeningaheadofyourvehicleoryouwillnothavesufficienttimetotakenecessaryaction.
Yoursuperiorobservationskillswillinvolve:
scanningtheroadaheadasfaraspossible
frequentcheckingofallmirrorsfortraffictotherearandbothsidesofyourvehicle
payingcloseattentiontoyourownvehiclesperformance.
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Activity 5: What evasive action would you take in thefollowing example?
What action would you take if you sighted a vehicle approachingfrom the rear that was weaving from one side of the road to theother?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Page 20 Australian National Training Authority 2003ADELG1014 Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L April 2008
Space cushion
Defensivedriversmaintainasafespacecushionallaroundtheir
vehicle.Thespacecushionisthedistancebetweenyourvehicleandothervehiclesaroundyou.Thisgivesyouroomtostop,changelanesortakeanynecessaryactionwithoutdangertoyou,yourvehicleorotherroadusers.
Spaceahead
Thespaceaheadismostimportant.Followinganothervehicletoocloselyisoneofthemostcommon,avoidablecausesofcollision.Someauthoritiesrecommendthatyouhaveonesecondoffollowinginterval
forevery3metresofvehiclelength.Thus,ifyourvehicleis17metreslong,yourfollowingintervalshouldbeabout6seconds.
MostStateandTerritorieshavelegislationspecifyingaminimumoffollowingdistance(usually60metres)betweenheavyvehiclesoutsidebuiltupareas.Ingooddrivingconditionsyourvehicleshouldbeatleast4secondsbehindthevehicledirectlyinfrontofyou.
Ifconditionsarepoorduetorain,lowvisibilityorbadroadsurfaces,thisspaceshouldbeincreasedto8seconds.Iftheconditionsareverypooritshouldbeincreasedevenfurther.Followinganothervehicletoocloselyisoneofthemostcommon,avoidablecausesofcollision.
Spacetothesides
Thespacecushiononyoursidescanalsobemaximisedbykeepingtothecentreofyourlane.Dontpasstooclosetoparkedcars.Allowatleast1metreandpreferably2metresifspacepermits.Itsbesttoleaveenoughroomforacarelesslyopenedcardoororapersonstandingnexttoaparkedcar.
Keeptotheleftwhenapproachingoncomingtrafficandonmultilaneroads.
Dontdrivebesideanothervehicleforlongerthannecessary.Keepingclearofothervehiclesoneithersideallowsyouanotherwayoutincaseofemergency.
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Spacebehind
Obviously,thespacecushionbehindyourvehicleismainlyunderthecontrolofthedriverfollowingyou.However,youcanhelptheother
driverkeepthecorrectdistanceby: maintainingaconstantspeed
slowingdowngradually
avoidingsuddenstops
signallinganymanoeuvreswellahead.
Ifyouarebeingtailgated,(followedtooclosely),slowdowngradually,andlettheotherdriverpassassoonaspossible.
Spaceabove
Withmosttrucksthespaceoverheadisalsoimportant.Youmustknowtheheightof:
yourvehicle(includingtheload)
powerlinesalongyourroute
bridgealongyourroute
awningsonbuildingsyoudrivenear.
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Activity 6: What space cushion would you leave in thefollowing example?
If you are driving a medium rigid vehicle when visibility and roadconditions are poor due to bad weather or road surface, whatspace cushion should you leave?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Drivervision
Truckdriverscanseeovertraffic,crestsandaroundbendsbetterthancardriversduetotheirheightabovetheroad,but,allaroundvisionis
restrictedby: cornerpillars
bonnets
rearvisionmirrors
load
trailerbodies
airfilters.
Agooddefensivedriverisalwaysconsciousoftheseblindspotsandwatchesforvehiclesorpedestriansmovingintothem.
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Road rules
Signsandroadmarkingstellyouaboutlawsyoumustobey.
Forexample:keepleftunlessovertakingmeansyoumustkeeptotheleftlaneunlessyouarepassinganothervehicletravellinginthesamedirection.
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Activity 8: Identify road traffic signs?
On the next page, draw (or paste pictures of) the following signs:
Keep left
No right turn
No entry
Stop
Give way
60 kph
100 kph.
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Keep left No right turn
No entry Stop
Give way 60 kph
100 kph
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Toassistyouinrecognisingtheseandotherroadregulationsigns,obtainacopyofyourState/Territory:
RoadRegulations,or
RoadTrafficCode,or TheVictoriaBusandTruckDriversHandbook.
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c. Can you ride on the outside of a motor vehicle?
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d. What are the regulations regarding opening a door and leaving avehicle?
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e. What is the law regarding control and vision of your vehicle?
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f. What is the law regarding interference with drivers control of avehicle?
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g. What is the law regarding trailer weight and control of a vehicle?
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h. What is the law regarding the use of telephones while driving avehicle?
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i. What is the law regarding the safe condition of your vehicle?
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j. What is the law regarding noise and emissions from yourvehicle?
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k. What is the law regarding driving a vehicle in reverse?
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Ask your trainer how you did in the test:
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Activity 10: What would you do in the following examples?
Where would someone stand to guide you when you are reversing?
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Must you give-way to pedestrians when turning?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Givewayrules
Youwillberequiredtogive-wayinvarioussituations.
Forexample: atintersectionswheretherearenolightsorsigns
whenjoiningastreamoftrafficfromaparkedposition
whenmakingaU-turn
whenchanginglanes
whenenteringorleavingtheroadfromprivatepremises.
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Night driving
Tobeabletoseeclearlyandobservecarefullywhiledrivingatnight,
yourequireacleanwindscreen.Thedazzlefromoncomingvehiclesthroughadirtywindscreenmakesitdifficulttosee.Havingadirtywindscreenalsostrainsyoureyesandbringsonfatigue.Youshouldcleanyourwindscreeninsideandoutandmakesurethatwashersandwipersareingoodcondition.Dontforgettocleanyourmirrors.
Yourlightsmustbe:
ingoodcondition
clean
adjustedcorrectly.
Dazzleisaconstantproblemwithnightdriving.Dontlookdirectlyatthelightsofoncomingvehicles.Ifdriversfailtodiptheirlights,resistthetemptationtogeteven.Switchingyourlightstohighbeamonlyincreasesthechanceofacollision.
Dotherightthingbydippingyourlightsforoncomingdriversandfordriversyouarefollowing.
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Activity 12: How would you avoid being dazzled by oncomingVehicle?
What should you do to avoid being dazzled by oncoming vehiclelights?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Driver fatigue
Whendrivingatnightthereisahighriskoffatigue.Thisisduetothe
naturalinclinationofthebodytoshutdowninresponsetobiologicalrhythms.Theriskisgreatestintheearlyhoursofthemorning.Bewareofhighwayhypnosisinwhichtheconstantrepetitionofthewhiteoryellowlinesinducesatrance-likestate,leavingthedrivereffectivelyasleepatthewheelwiththeireyesopen.
DriverFatigueisamajorcauseofaccidentsinAustralia.Itaccountsformorethan30%ofallfataltruckcrashesonhighways.
Mostaccidentscausedbyfatigueoccurbetween11pmand8am
becausethisisthebodysnormalsleepingtime.
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Activity 13: What other factors can cause driver fatigue?
What other factors can cause driver fatigue?
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When is the best time to drive?
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What are the signs of driver fatigue?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Stress
Stresscanalsoaffectyourdriving.Statisticsshowthatifyouhave
problemsatworkorhome,youare5timesmorelikelytobeinvolvedinanaccident.Divorce,forexamplecanaffectyourdriving.Youraccidentratecanmorethandoubleduringthe6monthsbeforeandafterdivorce.
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System driving
Systemdrivingmakessurethedriverapproacheshighwork-load
situations:
atthecorrectspeed
intherightgear
inthecorrectpositionontheroad.
Thisallowsthedrivertosafelyavoidornegotiateahazardanddrivethevehicleclearofit.Thesystemofvehiclecontrolwhichisdescribedbelowiswidelyconsideredtobethemostefficientmethod.
Thesixfeaturesofsystemdrivingareasfollows: plantheapproach:
observethehazardanddecideonthecorrectlinetosafelyandefficientlyapproachandnegotiateit
mirrorsandsignals:
mirrorsareusedtochecksurroundingtrafficwhenchangingcourseoralteringspeed.Alwayssignalyourintentionsbyusingyourindicators
adjustspeed:
slowdowntonegotiatethehazardsafely
gearsandmirrors:
selectthebestgeartosafelynegotiatethehazard,withenoughpowertopullaway.Again,checksurroundingtrafficbyusingyourmirrors.Mirrorsarealsousedtoobservethepositionoftherearwheelswhenturningthevehicle
evasiveaction:
avoidornegotiatethehazardbystopping,turning,accelerating,soundingthehorn,orwhateveractiondoesnotendangerthesafetyofotherroadusers
acceleration:
thecorrectamountofaccelerationisusedtoleavethehazardsafely,takingintoaccountthevehicle,roadsurface,trafficconditionsandload.
Youmustpractisethissystemsothatitbecomesautomatic.
Seethediagramonthenextpageshowingtheprocessesrequiredtocompletealeftturn.
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Concentration
Averyimportantpartoftruckdrivingisconcentration.
Often,adriverisconfrontedwithseveraltasksatonetime.
Thismanyoccurwhennegotiatingahazardorevenduringroutinedriving.
Thesehighworkloadsituationscausestress,skillfailureandaccidents.
Drivingtoasystemhelpsyoutohandlemostdrivercriticalsituations.
Thesystematicsequenceguarantees:
allvitalactionsgettherequiredattention
vitalactionsarecarriedoutatthebesttime
allvitalactionsreceivethedriversfullskillandability
peakworkloadanddriverstressaregreatlyreduced
thedriverisbetterabletodealwithemergencies.
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Dimensions
Bothowneranddriverareguiltyofanoffenceifdimensionlimitsare
exceeded.
Vehicledimension-withoutpermit
Maximumoveralldimensions
Vehicle Height(m)
Width(m)
Length(m)
RigidTruckorBus 4.3 2.5 12.5
ControlledAccessBus 4.3 2.5 14.5
ArticulatedBus 4.3 2.5 18.0
Semi-trailer 4.3 2.5 13.7
APigTrailerorDogTrailer 4.3 2.5 11.0
APrimemoverandSemi-trailerCombination,Pigtrailerandtrailercombinationandabusandtrailercombination
4.3 2.5 19.0
B-Double(onapprovedroutes) 4.3 2.5 25.0
Massweight
Themassweightofavehiclewhichcanbedrivenwithoutpermit,dependson:
vehicletype
vehiclesort
thenumberoftyresat165kpaandnotedloadcapacityofaxle.
Refertoyourvehiclemanufacturershandbookforinformationonthemassweightlimitofyourvehicle.
Thetotalweightandsizeoftheloadedvehicleortrailermustnotexceedthegrossvehiclemass(GVM)ontheregistrationrecord.
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Overdimensionpermits
Whenyouwishtotransportaloadthatisabovethelegallimitformass,height,widthorlength,youwillrequireapermit.
Youmustcontactyourstate/territorylicensingdepartmentbeforeyoudrivethevehicle.
Rememberbothowneranddriverareguiltyifavehicledoesnotcomplywiththeregulations.
Loading
Yourvehicleshouldbeloadedanddriveninsuchawayastopreventdangertoanyperson,ordamagetoanyproperty.
Whyloadsshift
Undernormaldrivingconditions,yourvehicleanditsloadwillbeaffectedby:
forwardbraking
reversebraking
acceleration
cornering
hills
roadcamber
airflowandwind
roadconditions.
Itispartofyourjobasdrivertoseethatanyloadsonyourvehicleareproperlysecured.
Howtocarryaloadsafely
Ifyouwishtocarryasafeloadonyourvehicle,youmust:
chooseasuitablevehicleforthetypeandsizeofload
positiontheloadcorrectlyandaccordingtoacceptedpractice
usesuitablerestrainingequipmentthatisserviceableandfunctional
provideadequateloadrestraintsuitablefortheexpectedconditionsofeachtrip,topreventmovement(theload
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Activity 16: Arrange cargo on your vehicle
Tick the incorrect answer.
In arranging cargo on your truck, you should:
place heavy items at the rear of the load
place heavy items close to the centre-line of the vehicle
distribute the mass as evenly as possible
stack heavy items at the bottom.
Which of the following is incorrect.
you should check the balance of the load and redistribute it if necessary wheneveryou remove or add cargo
friction cannot be relied upon to prevent movement of cargo
keeping the overall load height low reduces stability
braking places higher forces on loadrestraints than does acceleration.
The person responsible for making sure the load is appropriate forany vehicle is:
the owner
the manufacturer of the goods
the driver.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Dangerous goods
Dangerousgoodsareanychemicalsubstances,productsorarticleswhicharedangeroustopeopleortheenvironment.Thisisbecause
theyare:
poisonous
corrosive
explosiveortheypresentariskoffire.
Emptyuncleanedcontainerswhichhavecontaineddangerousgoodsarealsoclassifiedasdangerous.
Explosivesandradioactivesubstancesarecoveredunderspecific
codes:
TheAustralianCodefortheTransportationofExplosivesbyRailorRoad.
CodeofPracticefortheSafeTransportationofRadioactiveSubstances.
Responsibilities
Thepeopleresponsibleforcarryingdangerousgoodsare:
consignors primecontractors
theownerofthevehicle
drivers
peopleinchargeofloadingandunloading
peopleinchangeoftransportingdangerousgoods.
Yourresponsibilityasadriver
Thedriverofadangerousgoodsvehiclemusthavethecorrectdocuments,suppliedbytheconsignor.ThesedocumentsmustshowinEnglish:
thenameoftheproduct
theclassnumberoftheproduct
subsidiaryriskclassnumber(ifany)
packinggroup
totalnetquantityofeachproduct
numberofpackagesofeachtype
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consignorsname
thetypeofouterpackaging,drum,carton,bags
emergencyproceduresguides(EPGs).
Emergencies
Ifthereisafireorspill,youmust:
firstreporttheaccidenttoapoliceofficerorfireservices
warnpeoplewhomaybeatrisk
followinstructionsgivenbyEmergencyProceduresGuides(EPGs)
displayreflectivewarningsigns
provideassistanceandinformationtothePoliceandfireservices.
Policeandemergencyvehicles
Emergencyvehiclescaninclude:
ambulances
fireunits
policecars
emergencyservices.
Youmustgetoutofthewayofapoliceoremergencyvehiclewhenitssirenorlightsareon.Stop,ifnecessary,evenifyouhaveagreenlight.
Youmustalsostopifthetwinredlightsoutsideafirestationorambulancestationareflashing.
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After an accident
Therearecertainthingsyoumustdoifyouareinvolvedinanaccident.
Theseare:
stopimmediately
protecttheareatomakesureanothercrashdoesntoccur
giveassistancetoanyinjuredperson
sendforpoliceandambulanceifanyoneisinjured
exchangethefollowinginformationwiththeotherdriver:
names
addresses
registrationnumbers
vehicleownersnames
insurancecompanies
removealldebrisfromtheroad
ifthereisonlypropertydamageandtheowner(orrepresentative)isnotpresent,reportthecrashtothenearestpolicestation
reporttothenearestpolicestationifanyoneisinjuredandthePolicedidnotattendthecrashscene.
Penalty
Ifyoudonotstopandgiveassistanceafterbeinginvolvedinacrashoraccidentcausingdeathorinjuryyoucanbefinedupto$8,000.00and/orbeimprisonedforuptotwoyears.Youwillalsoloseyourlicencefortwoyears.(ThisisVictorianlegislation,yourstate/territorymaydiffer.)
CrashmanagementandFirstAid
Thekeythingsyouneedtodoare:
makethecrashscenesafe
checkthevictims-seetheyarebreathing
stopheavybleeding
keepvictimstill.
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Activity 17: If you are involved in an accident.
Tick the correct answers.
If your vehicle is involved in a crash you must first stop and then,before doing anything else:
care for the injured
protect the area so another crash wont happen
exchange names, addresses and registration numbers.
If you stop your vehicle at a crash site, you should:
park very close to the crash
put on your hazard lights
first notify the authorities.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Section 2
Vehicle preparation
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Section outline
Areascoveredinthissection
Vehiclesuspension
Vehiclesteering
Airbrakes
Vehiclepre-departurechecklist
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Pre-departure vehicle check
Forpartofthisinspectionyoushouldaskyourtrainerforassistance.
Lights,reflectorsandsigns
Lights,reflectorsandsignsonyourvehicleshouldbe:
clean
securelyattached
clearlyvisible.
Also,checkthefollowing:
redandyellowmarkerplates(ifrequired)
dangerousgoodslabelscorrectlydisplayedandreadable
headlights
parkinglights
taillights
numberplatelight
brakelightsandwarningbuzzer
turninglightsandwarningbuzzer
hazardwarninglights
runninglights.
RemembertoturntheignitionkeyandallswitchesOFFafterwards.
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Activity 18: Check your headlights and other globes
Does your company have a headlight tester and aligning board?
Yes No
If yes, ask your mechanic how it works. Ask him to show you onyour vehicle.
Can you change the indicator globes on your vehicle?
Yes No
If not ask the mechanic to show you how.
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Airsuspension
Aftertheairpressurehasbuiltupyoumust:
checkthatthebellowsaresupportingthevehicleandyourvehicleislevel
makesurethebellowsarenotincontactwithotherparts,andnotdamaged
listenforairleaksinthesystem.
Steering
Askyourtrainertohelpyoucheckyourvehiclesteeringsystem.
Withthefrontwheelsinastraightaheadposition,testthesteeringbyturningthesteeringwheelonewaythentheother,checkingforlooseplay.
Ifthevehiclehaspowersteering,thesecheckswillbecarriedoutwiththeenginerunning.Youmustbesuretheparkingbrakeisappliedandtherearwheelsarechocked.
Alsolistenforanyunusualsoundfromthepowersteeringpump.
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Activity 19: Check your vehicle steering
Check the following with the assistance of your trainer:
Yes No
Is there free play in your steering?
Is there looseness in steering joints?
Are there unusual noises in the steering pump?
Are there air leaks in the air system?
If you answered No to all of the above then your steering systemrequires no further action. If you answered Yes to any of theabove then you must have the vehicle checked by your mechanic.
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Clutch
Checkthefreeplayofyourclutchbypushinginthepedaluntilaslightresistanceisfelt.Normalfreeplayisbetween5cmand25cm.
Transmission
Withtheenginerunningandtheclutchpedalhelddown,checkthatthegearleverandothertransmissioncontrolsoperateproperly.
Pedals
Checkthattherubberpadsareproperlyfittedandingoodorder.Inparticular,makesuretopresstheacceleratorfirmlytothefloor(withtheengineswitchedOFF)checkingthatitshowsnosignofstickingorjamming.
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Activity 20: Check vehicle clutch pedal play
Demonstrate to your trainer the checks necessary to show that the
clutch has no free play and the transmission controls are operatingcorrectly.
Are all the pedal pad rubbers properly fitted and in good order?
Yes No
If no, ask your trainer what should you do to correct the problem.List his answer below for future reference.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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Air brakes
Pressuresandtimesquotedinthissectionareintendedastypical
examplesonly.Checkyourvehicleoperatingmanual,oraskyourtrainerwhatthefiguresshouldbeforyourvehicle.
Thefollowingisastepbystepprocedurewhichwillenableyoutocarryoutacompleteweeklyorpre-tripinspectionofyourairbrakesystem.
1. Immobilisethevehicle.Parkvehicleonfirmlevelgroundandapplyparkingbrakes.Allwheelsonatleastonedriveaxleshouldbesecurelychocked,frontandrear.Duringthisinspectionallbrakeswillbereleased.NOTE:Donot
performthisairbrakeinspectioniftheseconditionscannotbemet.
2. Drainallair(wet)tanks.Emptyallairfromthetanksbyopeningthedrainvalves.Thisisdoneinordertoremovecondensedmoisture(water)fromthetanksandtoallowcheckingofotherpartsinthesystem.Waterinthesystemcausescorrosionanddecreasesbrakelife.Watchforsignsofoilinthedrainedwater.Ifanyoilispresent,thecompressormayneedservicing.Closealldraincocksafter
thesystemhasbeendrained.
NOTE:Brakesystemmanufacturersrecommendthatairtanksbe draineddaily.
3. StartEngine.Turntheignitionkeyon.Thelowpressurewarningbuzzerand/orlightshouldbeginoperatingcontinuously.Starttheengineandrunatfastidle(approximately1000rpm)tobuilduppressureinthereservoirs.Whilepressureisbuilding,takecarefulnoteoftheitemsmentionedinsteps4,5and6.
4. Lowpressurewarningcut-off:thelowpressurewarningdeviceshouldcontinueoperatinguntiltheairpressurereachesatleast410kPa.
5. Rateofpressurebuild-up:checkthetimetakenforthepressuretoincreasefrom350kPato600kPa.Thistimewillvaryfromonevehicletoanotherdependingonthetankcapacities,typeofcompressor,andenginespeedused.Youshouldrecordtheactualtimetakenandwatchforanychangeeachtimeyourepeatthetest(alwaysusingthesamespeed).Havethesystemcheckedifthetimevariesbymorethanoneminute(fiveminutesmaybea
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satisfactorytimeiftankcapacityislargeortheenginespeedissetlow,buthaveitcheckedtobesure).
Ifserviceandreservetanksarefedthroughindividualcheckvalves,pressurebuild-upshouldbesteadyandequal
onbothgauges. Inothersystemswherethereservetankisfedfromthe
servicetankthroughachargingvalve,theservicegaugewillreachapredeterminedpressurebeforethereservetankbeginstobuildup.
6. Maximumcut-offpressure:checkthepressureatwhichtheunloadervalveoperates.Thisshouldbeatleast690kPa.Ifoutsidethisrange,haveitchecked.
7. Releaseparkingorspringbrakes.Checkthatthevehicleis
onfirmlevelgroundandthewheelsarechocked(asinstep1).Releasetheparkingbrake,makesurethetractorprotectionvalveisinthenormalposition.Thismakessurethatallbrakesarereleased,includingthespringbrakeiffitted.
8. Pressurelosswithsystemstanding:runtheengineuntilmaximumpressurehasbeenreachedandthenshutitdown.Whilethevehiclestandsforfiveminutesnoteanydropinpressure(itmayhelptolightlytapthepressuregaugeifitappearstobesticking).Ifthepressuredropinfiveminutesexceeds35kPathesystemshouldbechecked.
Wheretimepermits,thischeckcanbeperformedmoreaccuratelybyallowingthevehicletostandfortenminutesandwatchingforapressuredropofnomorethan70kPa.
9. Applythebrakesfullyandholdthebrakepedaltothefloor.Whileholdingitthere,thepressuredropshouldnotbemorethan85kPa.Excessivepressuredropasthebrakesareappliedcanbeduetoafaultinthesystemormayindicatethatthebrakesneedadjusting.
Continuetoholdthebrakesonforoneminute,thentwominutes.Anyfurtherpressuredropshouldnotbefasterthan15kPaperminuteforrigidvehicles,or20kPaperminuteforarticulatedorcombinationvehicles.Iftheabovelimitsareexceeded,havethesystemchecked.
10.Lossofpressureprotection:withtheengineswitchedOFF,reduceairpressureinthetanksbyrepeatedlypumpingthebrakepedal.ThelowAirPressurewarningdeviceshouldbeginoperatingwithintherangeof280kPa
to410kPa,andthetractorprotectorvalveshouldswitch
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fromnormaltoemergencypositionwithintherange140kPato310kPa.
11. Re-applytheparkingbrakesandstarttheenginetobuildupfullpressure.
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Activity 21: Drain your vehicles air tanks
Demonstrate to your trainer how to park the vehicle, check the
brakes and drain the air tanks. Explain why it is important to drainthe air tanks daily.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Activity 22: Check your vehicles low pressure cut-off
Check your vehicle manufacturers manual, and compare the low
pressure warning cut-off. Does the pressure match the examplegiven above? If not, at what pressure does your vehicle warningdevice cut off?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
How long does it take for your air pressure to build up to the correctoperating pressure?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Have you checked to see if the pressure build-up time varies?
Yes No
If no, you should do it now and remember to check it on a regularbasis.
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Activity 23: Demonstrate for your trainer brake checks
Demonstrate to your trainer the recommended checks as listed in
items 7 to 10. These checks are necessary for your safety and forthat of other road users.
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Airbrakesadjustment
Ifairbrakeadjustmentisrequired,itmustonlybedonebyaqualifiedperson.Youwillalsoneedtoaskyourtrainerforhelp.Theprocedure
whichfollowsisdesignedtohelpyoucheckbrakeadjustment.
Pushrodmovement
Withtheairtanksfullychargedandtheparkingbrakesreleased,notethemovementofthebrakechamberpush-rodforoneofthewheelsasyourassistantappliesandreleasesthefootbrake.Totalmovementshouldnotbemorethanthedistancespecifiedinthemanual.
Safetytip
Keepyoufingersoutofthelinkagewhencarryingoutthischeck.
Repeatthecheckforeachoftheotherwheels.Ifpush-rodmovementvariesgreatlyfromonewheeltoanotherorexceedsspecifications,havethebrakeschecked.
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Activity 24: Carry out the following brake checks
With the assistance of your trainer, check the tractor protection
valve and return the system to normal.
From the manufacturers manual, find out what your vehicle brakecylinder push-rod movement should be on each wheel. List thefigures below for future reference.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
With the assistance of your trainer, check the brake cylinder push-rod movement on your vehicle, compare these with themanufacturers recommendations.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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Hydraulic brakes
Iftheparkingbrakeisnotmountedonthetransmissionitwillneedto
bereleasedforthischecksoyoumustchockthewheels.
Withtheenginerunning:
releasetheparkingbrake
applythefootbrakenormally.
Ifthepedalmovesmorethanhalf-waydown,adjustmentorbleedingofthesystemisrequired.Bleedingtheairfromthesystemmayalsobenecessaryifthepedalfeelssoftorspongyratherthanfirm.NOTE:Reapplytheparkingbrakeafterthischeck.
Pedaltravelfirmness
Slowapplicationcheck
Applythefootbrakeveryslowlytakingabout15secondstoachievefullpedaltravel.Ifthepedalgoesallthewaytothefloorornoticeablyfurtherthanusual,hydraulicsealsinthesystemmaybeleaking.Havethesystemchecked.
Maximisingpressurecheck
Withtheenginerunning,rapidlypumpthepedalthreetimes,thenapplybrakeswiththemaximumforcepossible.Holdtheapplicationforaboutfiveseconds.Ifthepedalmovesfurtherdownduringthistime,serviceisrequired.
Theprevioustwochecksdonotapplytoalloverhydraulicsystems.
Vacuumassistedsystem
Forvacuumassistedbrakes,firstinspectthebrakesasexplainedintheprevioussection,Hydraulicbrakes,thencarryoutthefollowingadditionalchecksofthevacuumsystem:
1. Runtheengineuntilmaximumvacuumisreachedinthevacuumreservoir.
2. Vacuumassistedbrakesareappliedwiththeengineswitchedoff.Fullyapplythebrakesandnotetherateofvacuumloss(tapthegaugeiftheneedleissticking).Ifthe
vacuumislostatarateofmorethan12mmperminute,thesystemshouldbechecked.
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3. Withtheengineswitchedoff,pumpthebrakesuntilthelowvacuumwarningsignaloperates.Ifthesignaldoesnotoperatebeforethepressuredropsbelow200mm,thesystemshouldbechecked.
4. Checkthatallhosesareproperlysecuredandingoodcondition.
5. Checkthattheairfilteronthevacuumassistanceunitisnotblockedandcorrectlyfitted.
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Activity 25: Demonstrate to your trainer the operation of yourvehicles vacuum assisted brake system
Demonstrate to your trainer all the checks necessary to prove thecorrect operation of your vacuum assisted brake system. Carry outthe checks on your vehicle.
Continue the demonstration by checking:
system operation with the vehicle moving
parking brakes
steering.
NOTE: The on road check is completed after driving forapproximately 50 kilometres.
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System operation-check vehicle moving
Inthisfinalpartofyourvehicleinspection,thevehiclewillneedtobedriven.Seektheassistanceofyourtrainertocarryoutthesechecks.
Beforestartingyoushould:
applytheparkingbrake
removethewheelchocks
checkthatthesurroundingareaisclearoftrafficandotherobstructions.
Brakes
Parkingbrakes
Stopthevehicle,firmlyapplytheparkingbrakesandgentlytrytomoveoffagain.Thevehicleshouldnotmove.Ifitdoes,theparkingbrakeshouldbecheckedbeforethevehicleisdriven.
Checkbrakeoperation
Drivethevehicleforwardinfirstgearatabout5km/h(walkingpace)andthenapplythefootbrakesashardasyouwouldinanemergency.Ifthebrakespulltooneside,respondsluggishlyorfeelunusualinanyway,theyshouldbecheckedandadjustedbeforedrivingthevehicle.
Toadjustbrakes,locatevehicleinasafesecurelocation.Chockwheelsandraisevehicleoffthegroundandsupportonsuitablestands.
Removeadjustmentslotcoversfromrearofsupportplate.Insertthecorrectadjustingtoolandrotatestarwheeluntilliningdragsonthe
drum.Totighten,movetoolhandletowardaxlewhileusinginnersideofadjusterslotasafulcrumfortool,rotatingstarwheelteethawayfromaxle.Backoffstarwheelwhilerotatingdrumforward,untildragisjustrelieved,fromthispointbackoffadjusteranadditional8to10notchestoproviderunningclearance,replaceslotcovers.
Lowervehicleoffsupportstandsanddrivecheckbrakes.
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Steering
Drivevehicleslowlyforward(5km/h,)andturnthesteeringwheeltorightfulllockthenleftfulllock.Checkforanythingunusual,particularlystrangenoises,scrapesorknocks.
Onroadcheck
Afterdrivingthefirst50kilometresofatrip,stopinasafeplaceawayfromtrafficflowandbrieflycheckaroundthevehicle.Forexample,youshouldcheckthe:
temperatureofthetyres
hubs
brakedrums.
NOTE:Hightemperaturescouldindicateanunderinflatedtyre,abindingbrakeorfaultywheelbearing.
Checkfor
oilleaks
waterleaks
otherleaks.
Makesuretheloadisstillsecure.
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Activity 26: Carry out vehicle safety pre-departure check
Carry out a vehicle safety pre-departure check.
Vehicle pre-departure check
Date:_________________________________________________________
Vehicle registration number: ______________________________________
Inspected by: __________________________________________________
Under bonnet OK Product added Details
Engine oil
Coolant
Fuel
Clutch fluid
Brake fluid
Screen wash fluid
Ancillary drive belts
Inside vehicle before startingengine
Immediate response Faulty response
Oil pressure gauge
Alternator gauge
Air pressure gauge
Fuel quantity gauge
other gauge(s)
Parking brake on
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Inside vehicle start engine OK Unfit/stop engine
Oil pressure engine
Alternator
Air pressure
Windscreen wipers
Windscreen washers
Vehicle pre-departure check
In side vehicle turn on lights Fit Details
Headlights - low beam
Headlights - high beam
Hazard lights
Visual rear brake
Right front Fit DetailsRight front tyre
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Right front wheel
Nuts/wedges tight
Right front indicators
Regular blinking
Clearly visible
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Centre front Fit Details
Headlight high/low both on even
Park lights - clearly visible
Clearance lights - clearly visible
Plates/signs - present/legible
Windscreen - clear vision
Oil leaks
Weeps
Drips
Pools
Exhaust leaks
Visible emissions
Noise leaks
Vehicle posture - chassis even onwheels
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Vehicle pre-departure check
Left front Fit Details
Left front tyre
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Left front wheel
Nuts/wedges tight
Left front indicator
Regular blinking
Clearly visibleLeft lockers/door(s) - latchesfunctional
Left side window(s) - clear visibility
Cab tit lock - Functional and locked
Spare wheel
Tread
Pressure
Security
Wheel change tools
Jack
Stand
Socket
Wrench
Bar
Warning trianglesWarning signs
Accessory tools
As per company requirements
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Left rear Fit Details
Left rear tyres(s)
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Left rear wheel(s)
Nuts/wedges tight
Wheel guard/mud flaps
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Vehicle pre-departure check
Centre rear Fit Details
Tail lights - clearly visible
Brake lights - clearly visible
Indicator lights - clearly visible
Plates/signs - present/legible
Oil leaks
Weeps
Drips
Pools
Exhaust leaks
Visible emissions
Along tailpipe
Vehicle posture - Chassis even withwheels
Right rear Fit Details
Right rear tyre(s)
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Right rear wheel(s)
Nuts/wedges tight
Wheel guard/mudflaps
Air wet tank Fit Details
Service air wet tank
Emissions quality
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Vehicle pre-departure check
Return to inside vehicle Fit Details
Right side door(s)
Latches functional
Right side window(s)
Opening functional
Clearly visible
Service brakes functional
Warning horn functional
Seat adjustment
Personal requirement
Check adjustment
Lock secure
Rear view mirrors
Adequate rear vision
Registration certificate
Current registration andlicence
Inside vehicle equipment
First Aid kit
Log book
Invoices
Carte notes
Maps, etc
Passenger comforts
Magazines
Pillows
Videos, CDs
Rest room supplies
Dangerous goods safety equipmentto meet legislative requirements
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Section 3
Drive vehicle in a safe efficientmanner
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Section outline
Areascoveredinthissection
Commonsteeringfaults
Frontwheelskid
Gearselection
Safebraking
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Common steering faults
Keepinggoodcontrolofyourvehiclerequiresthatyouavoidanyof
thecommondrivingfaultslistedbelow:
removingbothhandsfromthesteeringwheel
removingeitherhandfromthesteeringwheelforalongtime
allowingyourhandstodroptothelowerhalfofthesteeringwheel
turningthesteeringwheeltoomuchortoolittle
maintainingaturntoolongresultinginthevehicle
followinganerraticcourse
makingsuddenorsharpdeviationslikecuttinginorouttoosharplywhenovertakingcancauseresonanceroll
enteringbendsorcornerstoofast
brakingwhiledrivingthroughbendsandcorners.
Frontwheelskid
Frontwheelskidoccurswhenthetyreslosetheirgripontheroad
surface.
Ifthisoccursduringacceleration:
easeofftheaccelerator
straightenyourfrontwheels
applybrakestosloworstopthevehicle
accelerategentlyanddrivemorecarefully.
Ifthisoccursduringbraking:
easeoffbrakes
straightenthefrontwheels
recommencebrakingandsteeringmoregentlywhenskiddinghasstopped.
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Adrivewheelskid
Drivewheelspinorlockupisusuallyduetoexcessiveaccelerationorbraking(sometimesmadeworsebyoversteering).Thiscanbe
controlleddependingonthecause. Ifduetoexcessiveacceleration,easeofftheaccelerator
untiltractionisregainedandthengentlyre-applytheaccelerator.
Ifduetoexcessivebraking,easeoffthebrakesuntiltractionisregainedandthenbrakemoregraduallyandgently.
Iftheskidhascausedthedrivewheelstobegintomovesidewaysyouwillalsoneedtomakesteeringcorrections.Steerintotheskid,thatis,steertowardsthedirectioninwhichthedrivewheelsareskidding.
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Gear selection
Whentochangegears
EnginemanufacturersspecifytheengineRevsPerMinute(RPM)rangeformaximumtorque.
Asabasicrule,whenacceleratingorclimbingahillwithaload,youshouldup-shiftwhentheenginespeedisapproachingthemaximumlimit.
Onaflatroadwherepowerisnotcritical,youshouldselectthegearthatenablestheenginetorunatitsmosteconomicalspeed.This
enginespeedmaybespecifiedbythemanufacturerandmaybeslightlyabovetherangespecifiedformaximumtorque.
Othergearchangingindicators
Ifyourvehicleisnotfittedwithatachometer(revcounter),themanufacturermaysometimesrecommendroadspeedrangesforeachgear.Thebasicruleinthiscaseistochangeuptothenextgearatthehighendofthespeedrangeanddownatthelowend.
Experiencedtruckdriversalsobecomeusedtothesoundandfeel(i.e.
vibrations)oftheengineandmayusetheseasguidesingearshifting.Thismethodshouldbeusedcautiouslyinmodernvehiclesbecausetheimprovedsound-proofingandtheintroductionofturbo-chargedengines(withmaximumtorqueverylowintherevrange)canmisleaddriversintoshiftinggearsatthewrongspeed.
Thehightorquerangeofapetrolengineisathigherspeedandisnotasbroadasthatofadieselengine.Thismeansthepetrolenginedoesnothavethesameabilitytohangoninagearasadiesel.Gearchangeswillthereforeneedtobemorefrequentandathigherengine
speed.
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General gear shifting rules
Goinguphills
Youmayhaveenoughspeedtoclimbahillwithoutchanginggears.However,ifyoubegintolosespeed,youmustdown-shifttopreventtheenginefromlabouring.Rememberclimbingabilityisgreaterifenginespeedisclosetotherecommendedmaximum.
Beforegoingdownahill
Enginecompressioncanhelptoholdthevehicletoasafedownhillspeed.Brakesalonecanoverheatandfade(losebrakingpower).
Attemptingtochangegearsonasteephillcanresultingettingstuckinneutralandlosingcontrolofthevehicle.Alwaysreducespeedanddown-shifttotherequiredgearbeforeyoubeginthedescent.
Beforeenteringasharpcurve
Beforeyouenterasharpcurveoracorner,reduceyourspeed.Thendown-shifttothegearthatkeepstheenginerunningnearthemiddleofitsrange.Thisenablesyouto:
slightlyincreasepowerthroughthecurve,foraddedstability
acceleratesmoothlyasyoucomeoutofthecurve
usetheenginetoslowthevehicletoavoidhazards.
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Activity 28: What is the purpose of the gears in your vehicle?
Tick the correct answer.
The purpose of gears in a truck is to:
increase the engine energy capacity
spread the friction over more components
match road speed to best engine speed.
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:
the lowest gear possible
the highest gear possible
the highest gear that maintains specified engine speed.
When driving down a steep hill, a driver should:
engage a higher gear
engage a lower gear during the descent
engage the required gear before descent.
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:
include all intermediate ratios available
engage only the gear that will be next needed.
When negotiating a sharp corner, the required gearis engaged:
before entering the corner
at the sharpest point of the corner
during exit from the corner
immediately after leaving the corner.
The gear changing difference between petrol and the dieselengines is:
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diesel engines have higher torque at lower RPM
petrol engines pull better at low RPM.
The term skip shifting means that the driver:
avoids de-clutching during gear shifts
engages the most suitable gear regardless of sequence.
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slightdowngrade:
decrease speed to well below that of the lower gear
retain vehicle speed/gently decrease engine revs.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Activity 29: Using your vehicle brakes safely
Tick the correct answers.
On steep downhills, service brakes should be used:
very few times during the descent
only for emergencies and unexpected conditions
by applying and releasing quickly and frequently.
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:
water on the road surfaces
overheating through overuse
using gears which are too low for the hills
the nature of the road surface.
To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:
avoid braking in curves or corners if possible
use less braking for lighter loads
test your brakes after driving through water
press hard on the brake pedal.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Activity 30: What are four points of good defensive driving
Write in the space below four points of good defensive driving.
1.___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Section 4
Completing a drivers log book
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Section outline
Areascoveredinthissection
Instructionforcompletingdriverslogbook
Completingadailydrivinghourslogsheet
Completinga4weeksummarypage
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Activity 33: Completing a daily driving hours log
Using the daily driving hours log sample, record how much time
you spent driving your vehicle today.
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Four week summary page
Whenyoucompleteandsignadailydrivinghoursloginthelogbook,
writethetotalnumberofhoursforeachactivityforthatdayintherelevantsectionofthe4weeksummarypageasshowninthesample.(Note:sampleisfortruckdrivinghours.)
Driversshouldalsoincludeinthe4weeksummarypageperiodsof24(continuous)hours:
inthecaseoftrucknondriving
inthecaseofbusestimeawayfromactivitiesassociatedwith
thebusoranyloadcarriedbyit.Youmustcompletetheremainderofthe4weeksummarypagebyfollowingtheexamplesshownintheattachedsample4weeksummarypage.
Withinfourteendaysofcompletinga4weeksummarypage,youmustsignitandsendtheduplicateofthecompletedandsignedsummarypagetoyouremployersmainplaceofbusiness.
Ifyouareanemployeddriverandyouhaveworkedformorethanone
employerduringthe4weekperiod,theduplicateshouldbesenttothemainemployerandcopiestoallotheremployers.
Ifyouareanowner/driver,theduplicateshouldbesenttoyourmainplaceofbusiness.
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Activity 32: Four week summary
Using the 4 week summary page sample, record how much time
you spent driving your vehic
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