therapeutic conversations - college · 2016-09-20 · a randomized, clinical trial of education or...
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Therapeutic
Conversations:
Promoting Self-Management for Clients
with Chronic Conditions Using CBT and
Motivational Interviewing Concepts
Kyle Schalk, Ph.D, RPsych
Kimberly Price, BScOT
Listening and Letting Go of Your
Agenda
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4EDhdAHrOg
Objectives
Increase knowledge of Motivational Interviewing
and application for chronic populations.
Increase understanding of psychosocial
barriers/processes connected to chronic conditions
and knowledge of CBT concepts to inform practice.
Developing strategies to assist clients in effective
and consistent self-management of chronic
conditions.
Defining the Problem
What is a Chronic condition?
“long duration and generally slow
progression” (World Health Organization)
Focus on self-management
Psychosocial Barriers
Canadians with chronic physical conditions have twice
the likelihood of also experiencing a mood or anxiety
disorder when compared to those without a chronic
physical condition. (Government of Canada, 2006)
Hopelessness/helplessness
Loss of identity/grief
Adjustment difficulty and fear
Emotional roller coaster (Bordeaux & Walters, 2013)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Traditionally focused on treatment of anxiety and
depression
In terms of chronic illness/pain CBT posits that
inaccurate cognitions and negative coping behaviors
interact with physiological and environment factors and
produce negative outcomes including pain, distress,
disability and isolation (Heapy, Stroud, Higgins, &
Sellinger, 2006).
Essentially people develop ineffective coping thoughts
and behaviors.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
CBT focuses in developing awareness of patterns
CBT focuses on education and intentionally
intervening/planning for more adaptive thinking and
acting
CBT is collaborative, practical, purposeful
CBT focuses on goal setting, skill acquisition and coping
strategies
Motivational Interviewing (MI)
“Motivational Interviewing is a collaborative
conversation style for strengthening a person’s own
motivation and commitment to change.” (Miller, 2000)
It is client centered approach that requires the
therapist to convey empathy, actively listen for values,
focus on the clients strengths and ensure treatment is
collaborative.
It is DIRECTIVE
Motivational Interviewing
“Spirit” of MI
Collaborative vs confrontation
Evocative rather than imposing
Autonomy vs authority
Principles
Self-efficacy
Roll with resistance
Elicit discrepancy and work with ambivalence
Differences and Integration
CBT is one of the primary methodologies used in interdisciplinary programs
MI can be supplemental despite philosophical differences
Both are collaborative with focus on promoting self-management
CBT is more useful when clients are ready to change
Research indicates strong support for MI in health care (Chen et al., 2012, Thomas, et al., 2012, Tse et al. 2013)
Stages of Change
Transtheoretical model
Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross (1994)
Positive behaviour changes typically follow general pattern
or “stages of change”
Understanding Change
Stage of Change : Pre-Contemplation
Mandated treatment
No show
Medically focused
Expectation of passive versus active treatment
Looking for magic cure
Attendance as a sign of willingness to change
“kernel of intent to grow”
Stage of Change : Contemplation
Profile
Ambivalence – feeling conflicted
Inconsistent engagement/behaviour
Discrepancy between values and behaviours
Lack of awareness
Examples
No work between sessions
Good dad yet dealing drugs
Stage of Change : Preparation
Profile
Client is preparing for self-management of health issues
Acceptance of responsibility
Less medically focused
Experimenting with different ideas
Open to education
Stage of Change : Action
Profile
Client is actively engaged in change
Using self-management routine
Querying feedback on strategies
Personalizing program and working intently at home
Shift in language
Personal responsibility “I know I might not be pain free but I’m
going to do the best I can to manage”
Acceptance
Creative in application in other areas of life
Stage of Change : Action
Stage of Change : Maintenance
Self-management!!!
Stage of Change : Recycling
Change Talk Strategies
Therapeutic alliance
Active listening skills (OARS)
Strategies
Establishing a Strong Treatment
Alliance
Building Rapport
Mutual goals and tasks
Trust
Humour/self-disclosure
The Importance of Language
Illicit and strengthen change talk
Client builds argument
Improves treatment effectiveness (Hall et al., 2010)
Active Listening Skills
Open-questions
Avoid “yes/no” answers with “what and how” questions
Affirmation
“It’s clear that you are really trying to change”
“I’m impressed with…”
Reflective listening
Mirror what client has said while amplifying ambivalence
“It sounds like this has been really hard for you but I’m also hearing you want to do something different”
Summarize
* Resist the righting reflex*
Strategies
Asking permission
Scaling questions (readiness/importance/confidence)
On a scale of 0 to 10 how ready/confident do you feel…
Normalizing
Strategies
Decisional balancing (pros and cons)
“What are some good things?...some things that aren’t working?”
Explore the extremes
“What‘s the worst that could happen if you don‘t change? What the best thing you can imagine if you do change“
Looking back/forward
“Remember times in the past when you were able to make change...”
Exploring vision for the future if change were to occur
Strategies
Explore goals and values
“What things are most important in your life”
Columbo approach
“Help me understand...I‘m confused”
Rolling with Resistance
Emphasizing personal choice while avoiding arguing
“I know this is hard and you may make the decision not to
change…”
Hope!
Hope plays an essential part in coping
with chronic illness (Duggleby et al.,
2012)
Helping clients find ways to have
meaningful lives despite illness
Thanks!!
References Bordeaux, T. L., & Walters, A. (2013, August). Coping with a diagnosis of chronic illness.
Retrieved September 4, 2016, from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/chronic-illness.aspx
Chen, S. M., Creedy, D. Huey-Shyan Lin, & H. S, Wollin, J. (2012) Effects of motivational interviewing intervention on self-management, psychological and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 637-644. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.011
Duggleby, W., Hicks D., Neokolaichuk, C., Holtslander, L., Williams A., Chambers, T. & Eby J. (2012). Hope, older adults, and chronic illness: a metasynthesis of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1211– 1223. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05919.x
Government of Canada, (2006). The human face of mental health and mental illness in Canada (Catalogue No. HP5-19/2006E). Ottawa, ON: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada
Hall, A. M., Ferreira, P. H., Maher, C. G., Latimer, J., & Ferreira, M. L. (2010). The influence of the therapist-patient relationship on treatment outcome in physical rehabilitation: A systematic review. Physical Therapy, 90, 1-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090245.
Heapy, A., Stroud, M., Higgins, D., & Sellinger, J.(2006). Tailoring cognitive- behavioral therapy for chronic pain: A case example. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1345–1354.
References Miller, W. R. (2000). Motivational interviewing. (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.
Noncommunicable diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2016, from
http://www.who.int/topics/noncommunicable_diseases/en/
Prochaska, J.O., Norcross, J.C. & DiClemente, C.C. (1994). Changing for good. New
York: Morrow.
Sawatzky, R., (2010). Motivational interviewing level I training workbook. Empowering
Change Inc.
Sawatzky, R., (2013). Motivational interviewing level II training workbook. Empowering
Change Inc.
Thomas, M.L., Elliot, J. E., Rao, S. M., Fahey, K. F., Paul, S. M. & Miaskowski, C. (2012),
A randomized, clinical trial of education or motivational-interviewing-based coaching
compared to usual care to improve cancer pain management. Oncol Nurs Forum,39, 39-
49.
Tse, M. M., Vong, S. K. & Tang, S. K. (2013), Motivational interviewing and exercise
program for community-dwelling older persons with chronic pain: a randomised
controlled study. J Clin Nurs, 22, 1843–1856. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04317.x
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