the social impact of ict
Post on 21-Jan-2015
654 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Social Impact of Information and
Communication Technology
Sudhendu Bali4 August, 2010
Guest FacultyUniversity Institute of Applied Management Sciences,
Panjab University, Chandigarh
Explain the benefits and drawbacks of the use of information and communication technology in: manufacturing, industry, commerce, medicine, the home, education tele-working.
Computers and Employment
Has machinery displaced workers? Steam engine turbines – Industrial revolution. Factory workers and robotics.
Have computers replaced workers? Have more jobs have been created by the new
technology (computerisation)? What has happened to clerical workers over the
last 20 years? Have their skills changed ?
More jobs:Computer manufacturers,
delivery drivers, call centre employees, etc.
More jobs:Computer manufacturers,
delivery drivers, call centre employees, etc.
Skills:Constant retraining
needed
Skills:Constant retraining
neededMore flexibility:
No longer jobs for life
More flexibility:No longer jobs for life
Working patterns:More flexible
employment/working, more part time working
Working patterns:More flexible
employment/working, more part time working
Telecommuting:Working from
home
Telecommuting:Working from
home
JobsJobs
New jobs:Programmers, web
designers, ICT teachers, etc.
New jobs:Programmers, web
designers, ICT teachers, etc.
Fewer jobs:Filing clerks, shop
workers, postal workers; manual/repetitive jobs
replaced
Fewer jobs:Filing clerks, shop
workers, postal workers; manual/repetitive jobs
replaced
The Changing Nature of Employment
What has happened to the Farm and Factory workers?
What are the Service industries? How do computers assist employment in the
Service industry? Consider: banking, travel, supermarket etc.
Has computerisation given greater job satisfaction? Consider: engineering, architecture, accounting
etc.
Changing Locations of Work
Where did the population move from/to during the Industrial revolution?
With Communications technology is this being reversed?
Where does data processing need to be done, in the office or at the end of a ‘phone line? Consider Telecom and Airline and Banking using
call centres, where are these centres?
Tele-working What is Tele-working? What are the benefits of Tele-working?
Consider: environment, commuting, working hours, commitments, space saving, team-working in a network.
What are the problems with Tele-working? Consider: management, organisational loyalty,
social isolation, separation of work with leisure time.
Would you do any form of Tele-working? Consider doing school-work at home and e-
mailing it to your teacher.
The Other Side What happens to older workers who may find it
difficult to re-train to adapt to the new technology?
What happens to people that do not have access to the new technology?
What about people who try to ignore the new technology?
What can happen when people rely on technology? Consider: back up systems for breakdown, fault
handling, natural accidents, malicious damage.
Using ICT to Run a Small Business
What could the following software packages be useful for? Spreadsheet Graphics Word Processing Desktop publishing Database Accounts E-mail Internet browser
Other:Paperless office, teleconferencing
Other:Paperless office, teleconferencing
Robots:Used on production lines – repetitive/hazardous jobs,
reduces human error, increases efficiency
Robots:Used on production lines – repetitive/hazardous jobs,
reduces human error, increases efficiency
Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM):
Control of the manufacture process by computer
Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM):
Control of the manufacture process by computer
Internet:Drastically changed
the businesses operate
Internet:Drastically changed
the businesses operate
BusinessBusiness
Computer Aided Design (CAD):
3D designs, scale drawings, interface with manufacturing machines
Computer Aided Design (CAD):
3D designs, scale drawings, interface with manufacturing machines
Teleworking:Fewer desks needed – hot desking, workers
control the times they work, etc.
Teleworking:Fewer desks needed – hot desking, workers
control the times they work, etc.
IT in Banking
How is IT used in Banking? Consider: telephone banking, Internet banking,
ATM’s, Debit cards, Credit cards, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) e.g. cheque processing, Direct debiting, etc.
How is IT used with a Store Card?
Internet Shopping
Home Banking:Customers use the
internet or telephone to administer their
account
Home Banking:Customers use the
internet or telephone to administer their
account
Cheque Processing:Cheques are scanned, account numbers read (MICR) to identify the
account
Cheque Processing:Cheques are scanned, account numbers read (MICR) to identify the
account
EFT:Credit/Debit card details sent for
authorisation, from retailers or ATMs
EFT:Credit/Debit card details sent for
authorisation, from retailers or ATMs
Credit/Debit Cards:Magnetic stripe holds
the card details which are read when
swiped
Credit/Debit Cards:Magnetic stripe holds
the card details which are read when
swiped
Cash Machines:Automated Teller
Machine (ATM) – “hole in the wall” access to
bank accounts
Cash Machines:Automated Teller
Machine (ATM) – “hole in the wall” access to
bank accounts
Smart Cards:Chip and Pin – data held on a small silicon chip rather than
magnetic stripe, customer enters a pin rather than signs
receipt
Smart Cards:Chip and Pin – data held on a small silicon chip rather than
magnetic stripe, customer enters a pin rather than signs
receipt
Money and Banking
Money and Banking
Automated Payments:Bankers Automated Clearing House (BACS) – Credits, e.g.
salary payments, etc.; Debits, e.g. direct debits, loan
payments, etc.
Automated Payments:Bankers Automated Clearing House (BACS) – Credits, e.g.
salary payments, etc.; Debits, e.g. direct debits, loan
payments, etc.
Electronic Funds Transfer
Manufacturing
How are computers used in manufacturing? Consider: order processing, stock reports and
replacement, progress tracking. Project management – budgets, on-time.
What is CAD (Computer aided Design)? What is CAM (Computer aided Manufacture)?
Medicine Give some example where computers are used in
the Health service? Consider: records, databases, computerised medical
devices, monitoring, expert systems (diagnosis), surgery.
What is an expert (knowledge-based) system? Consider: image capture and processing.
What is robotic surgery? Consider: operations.
How important are computers for the disabled? Consider: blind, deaf, special devices, implants.
The Patient at the Center of Care
Courtesy of Paul Wallace, Kaiser
Monitoring/Diagnosis:Heart rate, blood
pressure, etc.Expert systems, CAT
scans
Monitoring/Diagnosis:Heart rate, blood
pressure, etc.Expert systems, CAT
scans
NHSnet:Project to connect all
GP surgeries, networked to
hospitals
NHSnet:Project to connect all
GP surgeries, networked to
hospitals
NHS Direct:Web site for
information on health care, treatments, conditions, etc.
NHS Direct:Web site for
information on health care, treatments, conditions, etc.
Hospital Administration:Patient attendance, print
labels, allocate beds, order food, make appointments,
send letters, staff rotas
Hospital Administration:Patient attendance, print
labels, allocate beds, order food, make appointments,
send letters, staff rotas
Pharmacy records:Contra-indications,
stock
Pharmacy records:Contra-indications,
stock
Medical Training:Simulation software, on-line data sources
Medical Training:Simulation software, on-line data sources
HealthHealth
Patient Records:Held electronically, rather than paper
files
Patient Records:Held electronically, rather than paper
files
Education
Why are there so many computers in schools? How do computers assist with teaching and
learning? What is an interactive teaching package? How should the Internet be used to assist
learning? How can computers help with distance learning?
Letters:Mail merge not typed
on a typewriter
Letters:Mail merge not typed
on a typewriter
Timetables:Generated by
computer
Timetables:Generated by
computer
Computer Aided Learning:
On-screen learning materials, computer aided
assessment
Computer Aided Learning:
On-screen learning materials, computer aided
assessment
Registration:OMR registers, scanned to update central database,
produce absence lists
Registration:OMR registers, scanned to update central database,
produce absence lists
Reports:Produced
electronically, e.g. mail merge
Reports:Produced
electronically, e.g. mail merge
Records:Details of all pupils
held on file, reduces administration
Records:Details of all pupils
held on file, reduces administration
Teaching:Interactive
whiteboards, internet, projectors
Teaching:Interactive
whiteboards, internet, projectors
EducationEducation
Dependence on IT & Communications
How are individuals dependant on IT? Routine chores: money, shopping, holiday, Scanners and imaging systems, Traffic control, and car parking, motorway, Flood warning systems, Computer controlled braking, fuel, on cars, Personal use, data, accounts, education, Electrical devices in the home, washing machines, video
DVD players, microwaves, etc, Telephone lines for Internet communications.
Mobile telephones:Can send voice,
image, text, data (from a linked
computer)
Mobile telephones:Can send voice,
image, text, data (from a linked
computer)
Fax:Sending an image of a
document electronically
Fax:Sending an image of a
document electronically
Tele/Video Conferencing:people in different locations
communicating as if they were in the same location
Tele/Video Conferencing:people in different locations
communicating as if they were in the same location
E-mail:Message sent from 1
person to another using computers connected
to a network
E-mail:Message sent from 1
person to another using computers connected
to a network
WWW:World Wide Web –
collection of pages with links to other pages
(hyperlinks)
WWW:World Wide Web –
collection of pages with links to other pages
(hyperlinks)
Internet:Largest WAN,
international network of computers connected by
communication lines
Internet:Largest WAN,
international network of computers connected by
communication lines
Connection Methods:
Cable, radio/microwaves, infra-red, satellite,
etc.
Connection Methods:
Cable, radio/microwaves, infra-red, satellite,
etc.
Networks:LANs or WANs
Networks:LANs or WANs
CommunicationCommunication
How are organisations dependant on IT? Consider the type of organisation:
Supermarkets, Hospitals, The emergency services, The utility companies, Schools, Air traffic control, Nuclear power stations.
What would be the consequences of failure on the organisations above?
top related