the shifting nature of autonomy: adolescence, social cognition and digital media margaret weigel...
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The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
Society for Research on Adolescence Annual MeetingMarch 2010 Philadelphia, PA
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
The Shifting Nature of Autonomy:Adolescence, Social Cognition and Digital Media
youth and autonomy
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
study observations related to youth autonomy
NDM, youth and autonomy – parents
NDM, youth and autonomy – teachers
NDM, youth and autonomy – peers
Margaret WeigelProject Zero, Harvard GSE
youth and autonomy
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The changing historical contexts of children and childhood
Pieter Brueghel, Children's Games (1560)
youth and autonomy
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The changing historical contexts of children and childhood
youth and autonomy
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
“Young people often do not fully appreciate their
conduct's effect on others. What they believe to
be normal and legitimate behavior can
sometimes make others apprehensive or afraid.
Sometimes the mere presence of large youth
groups, or their physical appearance (dress,
hairstyles, body piercings, and tattoos), is
intimidating regardless of their conduct. People
often perceive youth groups congregating in
public to be gangs and, therefore, dangerous.”
-- COPS guide, p. 16
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
STRANGER
DANGER
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
•Formal schooling
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
•Formal schooling
•Educational, child-centric toys
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
•Formal schooling
•Educational, child-centric toys
•Dedicated play spaces
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
•Formal schooling
•Educational, child-centric toys
•Dedicated play spaces
•Directed play
Twentieth century practices to control youth autonomy
youth and autonomy
“During the earliest stages,
the child perceives things like
a solipsist who is unaware of
himself as subject and is familiar
only with his own actions.”
youth and autonomy
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Today, the desire to shelter and
monitor children’s activities has
resulted in more home-based
children’s activities, often involving
the computer or television set.
(Chudacoff, 2007, pp. 216-7).
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
The technology youth are using
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
The technology youth are using
• As of 2009, 29% of 8-18 year olds own a laptop (up from 12% in 2004) (cf. Kaiser)
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
The technology youth are using
• As of 2009, 29% of 8-18 year olds own a laptop (up from 12% in 2004) (cf. Kaiser)
• 66% own a cellphone (up from 39% in 2004) (cf. Kaiser)
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
The technology youth are using
• As of 2009, 29% of 8-18 year olds own a laptop (up from 12% in 2004) (cf. Kaiser)
• 66% own a cellphone (up from 39% in 2004) (cf. Kaiser)
• Pew: As of 2008, 71% of 12-17 year olds own a cellphone
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
Advantages of mobile technologies
• Anytime
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
Advantages of mobile technologies
• Anytime
• Anyplace
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
Advantages of mobile technologies
• Anytime
• Anyplace
• Peer-based language
LOL!
affordances of new digital media related to youth autonomy
Advantages of mobile technologies
• Anytime
• Anyplace
• Peer-based language
• Free from adult monitoring
POS!
youth and autonomy
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The subversive potential of new digital media
place restrictions
age restrictions
time restrictions
activity restrictions
social restrictions
“online commons”, mobile access
no enforceable age restrictions
24/7 access
shopping, gambling, porn
peers and strangers alike
youth and autonomy
Blo
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s.co
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The subversive potential of new digital media
place restrictions
age restrictions
time restrictions
activity restrictions
social restrictions
“online commons”, mobile access
no enforceable age restrictions
24/7 access
shopping, gambling, porn
peers and strangers alike
youth and autonomy
Blo
gs.
up
tou
s.co
m
The subversive potential of new digital media
place restrictions
age restrictions
time restrictions
activity restrictions
social restrictions
“online commons”, mobile access
no enforceable age restrictions
24/7 access
shopping, gambling, porn
peers and strangers alike
youth and autonomy
Blo
gs.
up
tou
s.co
m
The subversive potential of new digital media
place restrictions
age restrictions
time restrictions
activity restrictions
social restrictions
“online commons”, mobile access
no enforceable age restrictions
24/7 access
shopping, gambling, porn
peers and strangers alike
youth and autonomy
Blo
gs.
up
tou
s.co
m
The subversive potential of new digital media
place restrictions
age restrictions
time restrictions
activity restrictions
social restrictions
“online commons”, mobile access
no enforceable age restrictions
24/7 access
shopping, gambling, porn
peers and strangers alike
The Developing Minds and Digital Media study
• Privately funded two-year project
• Forty teachers
• over fifteen years of experience
• upper middle class SES
• recommended by peers
• two hour semi-structured interviewed
The Developing Minds and Digital Media study
• Privately funded two-year project
• Forty teachers
• over fifteen years of experience
• upper middle class SES
• recommended by peers
• two hour semi-structured interviewed
• “What’s changed over the past 15 years”?
• cognition
• social cognition
• ethics
• society
• teaching itself
NDM, youth and authority
Popular NDM tools used for social interaction
NDM, youth and authority
Popular NDM tools used for social interaction
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NDM, youth and authority
Popular NDM tools used for social interaction
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NDM, youth and authority – parents
• an increase in parents defending their children’s transgressions in “blind, irrational ways”
• an increase in parents intervening earlier when a child is struggling
• an increase in parents completing student work, such as homework or college essays
The Educators Speak:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• increase in parental involvement in youth’s daily lives
• Decline of parental authority; rise in friend role
• anxiety related to youth achievement
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• increase in parental involvement in youth’s daily lives
• Decline of parental authority; rise in friend role
• anxiety related to youth achievement
persistent, constant contact with children via NDM
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• increase in parental involvement in youth’s daily lives
• Decline of parental authority; rise in friend role
• anxiety related to youth achievement
persistent, constant contact with children via NDM
• via cellphone
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• increase in parental involvement in youth’s daily lives
• Decline of parental authority; rise in friend role
• anxiety related to youth achievement
persistent, constant contact with children via NDM
• via cellphone
• via SNS sites
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
Hi, dear! Just
checking in…
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• Children never allowed to fail
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• Children never allowed to fail
• Children never really “on their own”
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• Children never allowed to fail
• Children never really “on their own”
• Children largely unsupervised
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – parents
• Children never allowed to fail
• Children never really “on their own”
• Children largely unsupervised
Parents as rescuers/pals
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – teachers
• students are more comfortable with authority
• students evince fewer disciplinary problems
• students are more rule-focused
The Educators Speak:
NDM, youth and authority – teachers
• shift in authority from teachersstudents
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – teachers
• shift in authority from teachersstudents
• modified communications
• technical savvy
• content vetting
• reinventing homework
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – teachers
• Students focus on grades, not learning
• Students never allowed to fail
• Shift in authority from teachersstudents
• Educators and schooling as a game to master
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – teachers
• Students focus on grades, not learning
• Students never allowed to fail
• Shift in authority from teachersstudents
• Educators and schooling as a game to master
Teachers struggle with newly empowered students
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – peers
• basic teen desires unchanged over time
• less unstructured time to hang out
• more elective obligations
• more stress about the future
The Educators Speak:
NDM, youth and authority – peers
• NDM as efficient
• NDM as a way to perform identity both online and offline
• NDM as a way to control relationships
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority – peers
• for introverted youth, protection against unwanted contact
• for more extroverted youth, way to manage level and intensity of engagements
• way to depersonalize contact, emotional distancing
• inadvertently promotes online ‘disinhibition’
Implications:
NDM, youth and authority – peers
Implications:
• for introverted youth, protection against unwanted contact
• for more extroverted youth, way to manage level and intensity of engagements
• way to depersonalize contact, emotional distancing
• inadvertently promotes online ‘disinhibition’
NDM as social buffer
NDM, youth and authority
Parents as rescuers/pals
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority
Parents as rescuers/pals
Teachers grapple w/ newly empowered students
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
NDM, youth and authority
Parents as rescuers/pals
Teachers grapple w/ newly empowered students
Peers struggle to assert personal autonomy over social interactions
Developing Minds and Digital Media findings:
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