the secession crisis
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The Secession CrisisThe Secession Crisis
Project HistoryProject History
April 28, 2010April 28, 2010
Battle Hymn of the RepublicBattle Hymn of the RepublicNovember, 1861November, 1861
Clay’s CompromiseClay’s Compromise
Admit California as Free StateAdmit California as Free State
Stricter Fugitive Slave LawStricter Fugitive Slave Law
Popular Sovereignty Organize New Popular Sovereignty Organize New Mexico and Utah TerritoriesMexico and Utah Territories
U.S. Assumes Texas Debt for Texas U.S. Assumes Texas Debt for Texas Acquiescence in Border DisputeAcquiescence in Border Dispute
Slave Trade Prohibited in D.C.Slave Trade Prohibited in D.C.
Rio Grande near Creede, Rio Grande near Creede, ColoradoColorado
Why did the Civil War Occur?Why did the Civil War Occur?
South Seceded and North Decided to South Seceded and North Decided to FightFightWhy North Decide to FightWhy North Decide to FightWhy Did South Decide to SecedeWhy Did South Decide to SecedeMain issue: Slavery in the TerritoriesMain issue: Slavery in the TerritoriesImmediate cause: Election of Republican Immediate cause: Election of Republican President opposed to expansion of slaveryPresident opposed to expansion of slaveryHistorian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.—”moral Historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.—”moral log jam”log jam”
Why North Decide to FightWhy North Decide to Fight
Easiest Question to AnswerEasiest Question to Answer
Political Suicide for Republicans and Political Suicide for Republicans and Lincoln to preside over destruction of Lincoln to preside over destruction of UnionUnion
Secession Powerful Challenge to Lincoln Secession Powerful Challenge to Lincoln Administration---had to be metAdministration---had to be met
Strong Sense of Nationalism in North—Strong Sense of Nationalism in North—Public not Tolerate Breakup of UnionPublic not Tolerate Breakup of Union
Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories
After Mexican War--Most Southerners After Mexican War--Most Southerners Satisfied with Squatter Sovereignty for Satisfied with Squatter Sovereignty for Mexican Cession TerritoryMexican Cession Territory
Compromise of 1850--Utah and New Compromise of 1850--Utah and New MexicoMexico
1854 South Demands Squatter 1854 South Demands Squatter Sovereignty in Louisiana Territory as WellSovereignty in Louisiana Territory as Well
Kansas-Nebraska BillKansas-Nebraska Bill
Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories1857--Dred Scott Case1857--Dred Scott CaseRuled Missouri Compromise Illegal--Deprived Ruled Missouri Compromise Illegal--Deprived Slaveholder of Property without Due Process (5th Slaveholder of Property without Due Process (5th Amendment)Amendment)Taney: “They had for more than a century before been Taney: “They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race…; and so far unfit to associate with the white race…; and so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.”and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.”
Freeport DoctrineFreeport Doctrine
By Implication--Squatter Sovereignty By Implication--Squatter Sovereignty UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional
1858, Stephen Douglas, Freeport Doctrine—1858, Stephen Douglas, Freeport Doctrine—slavery can still be restrained “for the reason slavery can still be restrained “for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations”regulations”
1860, South Demanded Congressional Slave 1860, South Demanded Congressional Slave CodeCode
Political Power of SouthPolitical Power of South
South Political Power at PeakSouth Political Power at Peak
Controlled Democratic Party--Only Truly Controlled Democratic Party--Only Truly National PartyNational Party
1850s--South Controlled Sympathetic 1850s--South Controlled Sympathetic Northern Presidents “doughfaces”--Pierce Northern Presidents “doughfaces”--Pierce and Buchanan, Supreme Court and Senateand Buchanan, Supreme Court and Senate
1789-1861--Presidency, 49 years; 23 of 36 1789-1861--Presidency, 49 years; 23 of 36 Speakers of House; 20 of 35 Supreme Ct. Speakers of House; 20 of 35 Supreme Ct. Justices.Justices.
Why Secede if Politically Why Secede if Politically Powerful and ProsperousPowerful and Prosperous
Immediate Cause--Election of LincolnImmediate Cause--Election of Lincoln
Lincoln Minority President---Only Elected Lincoln Minority President---Only Elected Because Democratic Party SplitBecause Democratic Party Split
Democratic Party Split by South Democratic Party Split by South Aggressively Demanding Federal Slave Aggressively Demanding Federal Slave CodeCode
Why South Do This--Was Expansion of Why South Do This--Was Expansion of Slavery in Territory Worth Destroying Slavery in Territory Worth Destroying South’s Political PowerSouth’s Political Power
Why Secede?Why Secede?
Some evidence that radical southerners wanted Some evidence that radical southerners wanted to whip up sentiment for secession—not to whip up sentiment for secession—not interested in compromiseinterested in compromiseBut why? Little evidence that many southern But why? Little evidence that many southern slave owners planning to take slaves into slave owners planning to take slaves into territories---feared soil not adequate to support territories---feared soil not adequate to support plantation economyplantation economySouth still controlled Supreme Court and SenateSouth still controlled Supreme Court and SenateLincoln and Republicans only against expansion Lincoln and Republicans only against expansion of slavery into territories not statesof slavery into territories not states
Factors Behind South’s Factors Behind South’s IrrationalityIrrationality
Historical phenomenon can’t be Historical phenomenon can’t be explained by imposing logic or explained by imposing logic or rationality on South’s actionsrationality on South’s actions
Three factors that help explain Three factors that help explain South’s actionSouth’s action
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Uncle Tom’s CabinTom’s Cabin
Portrays Slavery as Horrible InstitutionPortrays Slavery as Horrible Institution
South had same liberal, Christian, South had same liberal, Christian, democratic valuesdemocratic values
Shared these values with North—but after Shared these values with North—but after 1830 tried to suppress these values—1830 tried to suppress these values—kept slavery for economic and social kept slavery for economic and social reasonsreasons
Moral tension—more slavery attacked Moral tension—more slavery attacked more desperate South became in more desperate South became in defending slavery and denying shared defending slavery and denying shared valuesvalues
Hinton Helper’s Hinton Helper’s Impending CrisisImpending Crisis
Helper from N.C.—hated slavery for evil Helper from N.C.—hated slavery for evil effects on white non-slave owning yeoman effects on white non-slave owning yeoman farmerfarmerAttacked plantation system—bring Attacked plantation system—bring economic ruin to small, white farmereconomic ruin to small, white farmerBook suppressed in South—reaffirmed Book suppressed in South—reaffirmed great fear in South—that Southern whites great fear in South—that Southern whites not reliable on slavery. Before 1850 slavery not reliable on slavery. Before 1850 slavery great unifying institutiongreat unifying institutionSlavery institution to control blacks and one Slavery institution to control blacks and one of social mobilityof social mobility
Fear of SlavesFear of Slaves
Fear of Slave ConspiraciesFear of Slave Conspiracies1859--John Brown’s Raid1859--John Brown’s RaidMississippi—frenzy—100 whites Mississippi—frenzy—100 whites hanged suspected of instigating slave hanged suspected of instigating slave insurrectioninsurrectionDuring this hysteria election of 1860 During this hysteria election of 1860 took placetook place
Factors Creating Social Factors Creating Social Irrationality in SouthIrrationality in South
Terrible Fear of Slave Insurrections and Terrible Fear of Slave Insurrections and Ultimate Emancipation--Fear of Chaos and Ultimate Emancipation--Fear of Chaos and Dislocation, Social and Sexual Equality--Dislocation, Social and Sexual Equality--Republicans Seen as Agent of AbolitionismRepublicans Seen as Agent of AbolitionismSouth had terrible feeling of vulnerability and South had terrible feeling of vulnerability and isolationisolationSouth Shared with North Christian, Liberal, South Shared with North Christian, Liberal, Democratic Values—Values that told them that Democratic Values—Values that told them that slavery wrong and immoralslavery wrong and immoralGuilt Heightens Fear of Slaves---Moral TensionGuilt Heightens Fear of Slaves---Moral Tension
The Union and the Civil WarThe Union and the Civil WarLincoln--”Central idea of secession is the essence of Lincoln--”Central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.” Question of Whether “minority have the right anarchy.” Question of Whether “minority have the right to break up the government whenever they choose.”to break up the government whenever they choose.”
Union Forces: War About Defending Union, Union Forces: War About Defending Union, Republicanism and Personal Liberty.Republicanism and Personal Liberty.
Terrible Losses: 620,000 Dead--360,000 Union Terrible Losses: 620,000 Dead--360,000 Union Soldiers---260,000 Confederate Soldiers.Soldiers---260,000 Confederate Soldiers.
5% Southern Whites Killed--25% White Males of 5% Southern Whites Killed--25% White Males of Military AgeMilitary Age
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