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10/20/2011
1
The Roman Empire
Octavian � Augustus
10/20/2011
2
Roman Baths
Exercise in the Palaestra
“Bathing”
begins in
the
Tepidarium
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3
Raised Floor Heating
Caldarium
Frigidarium
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4
Baths were for
more than Bathing
• Centers of social and,
intellectual activity
– Theaters
– Libraries
– Lectures
– Dining…and Drinking
– Games & Sports
All Roads Lead to Rome
• Easy communication
with settlements
• Rapid response to
military threats
• Cultural influence
spread via trade
Communication with Regional Leaders
• As the empire
expanded, so did the
need for
communication with
regional leaders
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5
Cities along the Roads became centers
of Commerce
Inland Settlements (or Forts)
connected to Port Cities
Roads linked Mining Centers in the
Iberian Peninsula and North Africa
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6
Concrete
Pantheon
Apartment Buildings (Insula)
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7
Roman Aqueducts
The Roman Denarius
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8
Civil Service
• Senators retain titles
and money-making
provincial positions
• “Real” work given to
plebians …and even
slaves
• Opportunity created
loyalty
Succession Problems…
Julian Dynasty & Beyond
• Appointment?
• Selection by Senate?
• Provincial Army
Leaders?
• Praetorian Guard?
• No fixed rules
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9
The “Army” Emperors
• Galba
• Otho
• Vitellus
The Flavian Dynasty
• Vespasian
• Titus
• Domitian
The “Good” (Adoptive) Emperors
• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius
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10
Vocabulary
• Policy
• Aqueduct
• Civil Service
• Succession
• Colosseum
• Pax Romana
• Augustus
• Julian Emperors
• “Good” Emperors
Romans Extended Greek Culture
• Hundreds of territories -> one political entity
• Cities looked like Rome
• Governments looked like Roman government
• Roads united the Empire with trade
• Latin was the common language
• Romans admired, copied, adapted and spread
Greek culture -> Greco-Roman culture
Zeno & Stoicism
• Valued– Virtue
– Duty
– Endurance
• Universe controlled by Supreme Power (or Universal Law or Divine Reason)
• Pain and pleasure not important
• Support of traditional Roman values
• Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations
• Laws must be reasonable and just
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11
Epicurus & Epicureanism
• Happiness gained by
– Freeing the body from
pain
– Freeing the mind from
fear
• Avoid Excess
• Death=the end of
existence
Livy & The History of Rome
• Recorded, in patriotic
terms, the history of
Rome
• Conservative “worship”
of old, heroic men of
honor, courage,
discipline and strength
Virgil & The Aeneid
• Focus on Patriotic
Virtue
• Modeled on Homer’s
Odyssey and Iliad
– Connects Rome’s
founders to Troy’s
Aeneas
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The Silver Age of Literature
• Criticism replaces
Patriotism
• Satire mocked Roman
society for its
foolishness
Roman Law
• No guilt without
presentation of
evidence
• Right to face accusers &
right to defend
• Doubt = innocence
• Unjust laws could be set
aside
Roman Holidays
• Holidays
– Emperor’s birthdays
– Gods’ feast days
– Etc.
• Publicly funded entertainment
– Chariot races
– Games
– Races
– Gladitorial Games
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13
Roman Society
Life at the Top
• Extravagance
– Fancy houses
– Statues
– Gardens
– Slaves
– Banquets
• Country Villas & Estates
Life at the Bottom
• Unemployment
• Government-issued rations
• Multi-story tenements
• Dangers of fire, collapse
Vocabulary
• Epicureanism
• Stoicism
• Satire
• Villa
• Epicurus
• Zeno
• Meditations
• Livy
• Virgil
• Aeneid
• Juvenal
• Tacitus
• The Pantheon
Romans, Jews, and Christians
• Jews came under Roman rule – How?
• Paul influenced Christianity’s growth – How?
• Rome struggled with Judaism & Christianity –
Why?
– War against the Jews
– Persecution of the Christians
• The Petrine Doctrine – What was it? Why is it
important?
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Exile to Babylon
Palestine
• Jewish people lost their independence and
were exiled to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar
• Following their return from Babylon, the Jews
were ruled by Alexander (Greece), Ptolemy
(Egypt), and the Seleucids (Persia)
• Persia’s decision to build an altar to Zeus
triggered a rebellion led by Judas Maccabee
Judea (Palestine)
under Judas
Maccabee ~142 BC
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Roman Judea ~ 6 AD
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Factors contributing to
Christianity’s Early Expansion
• Peace & Cultural Unity during the Pax Romana
– Freedom to travel
• Open to anyone
• Churches established in major cities
• Strong appeal among the poor and powerless
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Religious and Political
Conflict with the Jews
Persecution of Christians under Nero
• The Great Fire
• Incest, Cannibalism
• Refusal to sacrifice to
Roman gods
– Sacrilege and treason
• Scapegoating
Petrine Doctrine
• Many
Bishops,
one Pope
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Vocabulary
• Disciple
• Apostle
• Martyr
• Messiah
• Bishop
• Pope
• Jerusalem
• Herod
• Jesus
• Gospels
• Pontius Pilate
• Paul (Saul)
• Zealots
• Masada
• Petrine Doctrine
Rome’s Empire
Declines & Falls
• What crises weakened the Empire?
– Economic
– Military
– Political
• What did Rome’s Emperors do to try to stop the crises?
• What role did Christianity play?
• Why did Constantine found a new capital?
• What did the barbarians do?
Economic Crisis
• Currency collapse
• Inflation
• Agriculture
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Military Decay• Barbarian
invasions
• Persian pressure
• Mercenaries and decline of patriotism
Political Decay
• Disloyalty
• Dis-incentives for service to the empire
• Military interference
Primary Source
• Most reverend and serene of all emperors, although in your most
felicitous times all other persons enjoy an untroubled and calm existence, since all wickedness and oppression have ceased, we,
alone experiencing a fortune most alien to these most fortunate
times, present this supplication to you. We are unreasonably oppressed and we suffer extortion by those persons whose duty it is
to maintain the public welfare. For although we live remotely and are
without military protection, we suffer afflictions alien to your most felicitous times. Generals and soldiers and lordlings of prominent
offices in the city and your Caesarians, coming to us, traversing the
Appian district, leaving the highway, taking us from our tasks, requisitioning our plowing oxen, make exactions that are by no
means their due. And it happens thus that we are wronged by
extortions. Our possessions are spent on them, and our fields are stripped and laid waste....
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Diocletian’s Reforms
• Doubles size of the army
• Wage and Price controls
• General persecution of Christians
• Persian “style” for the emperors
• Division of Rome into East & West
Constantine
• Accepts Christianity
• Ends Christian persecution
• Edict of Milan
• Leads to Theodosius’ decision to make
Christianity Rome’s official religion
• Founds capital at Byzantium
Barbarians
• Alaric
• Gaiseric the Lame
• Attila
• Odoacer
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Vocabulary
• Inflation • Diocletian
• Constantine
• Eastern Empire
• Western Empire
• Edict of Milan
• Constantinople
• Huns
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