the role of spcb in municipal solid waste treatment- indian context

Overviewof

Municipal Solid WasteCollection & Disposal

Manoj ChaurasiaAssistant Environment Engineer

U P POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Think before you throw!

Water Pollution Air Pollution

Hazardous waste

Municipal solid waste

Noise Pollution Bio-medical waste E-Waste

ENVIRONMENT and POLLUTIONRivers, ground water Ambient air quality

Open dumps in cities

Infectious waste

D.G. sets, Crackers

Toxic chemicals, Contamination

Discarded TV, Comp. parts

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of India Establishes environmental policies, sets goals and

facilitate the implementation of such policies.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) To set environmental standards for all parts of the

country.

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)

Regulatory bodies set up for the implementation of the norms to bring pollution under control in the respective states and union territories.

Governing Bodies in India

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ………… ........... Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 ………….. …….

Functions and responsibilities of CPCB, SPCBs & PCCs are assigned under these Acts and Rules.

Environmental Acts and Rules

Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal & notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding ind. Hazardous waste but including treated bio-medical wastes.

Various components of MSW are: 1) Inorganic part: Paper and card board

Glass Metals(ferrous and non-ferrous) Dust, dirt and sweepings

2) Organic part: Food waste Vegetables and fruits peelings waste

Garden waste

MSW generated in urban areas is collected at the source of generation(houses) in small bins and

segregation (separation of inorganics from organics) is done by the rag-pickers in our country

Municipal Solid Waste : Introduction

Typical Composition of Indian MSWComponents Composition (% by weight)

Metal 0.2-2.5

Glass, ceramics 0.5-3.5

Food and Kitchen waste 40-65

Paper 1-10

Textiles 1-5

Plastics/rubber 1-5

Misc. combustibles 1-8

Misc incombustibles -

Inert 20-50

(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)

Rapid urbanisation, change in lifestyles and rise in population has resulted in generation of huge quantities of MSW.

The quantity of MSW generated is much higher than the quantity collected, transported and disposed, leading to pilling up of uncollected waste in streets, pub. places, drains.

THE OLD SYSTEM OF DUMPING SOLID WASTE IN LOW LYING LAND

Slow decomposition over many years of unsegregated (organics and inorganics) solid waste.

Rag pickers worked in filthy conditions. Generated gases are given off to the atmosphere without

utilizing their calorific value. Methane considered as causing global warming effect too

The insanitary methods adopted for disposal have proven serious health concern.

Need to dispose municipal solid waste in most safe & scientific manner

Need for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment

Responsibilities under MSW (M&H) Rules

S. No.

Agencies/Authorities Responsibilities

1. Municipal Authorities ---

2. Urban Development Dept.

---

3. District Magistrate/Collector

---

4. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

---

5. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)

(i) Monitor the compliance of standards regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost quality including incineration stds as specified under schedule II, III and IV.

(ii) Issuance of authorization to the operator of a facility stipulating compliance criteria and stds.

(iii) Prepare and submit to the CPCB an annual report with regard to the implementation of the Rules.

Monitoring of Compliance of standards by MSW facilityGround water Hand pumps at different depthsBore wells

Ambient air

CH4NH3SPMSO2Non-edible perennial vegetative cover

Leachate quality

BOD, COD,Dissolve organicsCollected & treated before discharge nearby

Compost quality incl. incineration std.

Final compost parametersWindrow base

Authorization to MSW Processing/Disposal Facility

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

MSW Treatment: Available technologies

Incineration Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) Composting Bio-methanisation Recycling Sanitary Landfill (SLF)

Municipal Waste Treatment TechnologiesIncineration Incineration is a direct burning of waste in the presence of

excess air liberating heat energy, which can be utilized for producing power.

Indian MSW contains high percentage of inerts and having low calorific value. Therefore, incineration becomes expensive and has not preferred in India.

Refused- Derived Fuel (RDF) The process of conversion of garbage into fuel pellets

involves primarily drying, separation of non combustible fro m garbage and further size reduction and pelletazation.

Bio-Methanation Bio-methanation is to create methane gas from organic

matter present in the waste. Gas has fuel value. Bio-metahnation plants developed by BARC, Mumbai are

being successfully run in india for treating food and kitchen wastes.

Municipal Waste Treatment TechnologiesComposting Composting is a process that uses oxygen, bacteria, fungi

to breakdown organic matter for the purpose of making a material to be used for growing vegetation or as soil supplement.

Recycling Recycling consists of a series of activities that involve

collecting, sorting and processing or converting used abandoned material into useful products.

Sanitary landfill (SLF) SLF is the scientific dumping of MSW using an engineered

facility that requires detailed planning and specifications, careful construction and efficient operation.

As per Gov. of India’s MSW rule, the non-biodegradable, inert waste is required to be sanitary landfilled.

Overviewof

Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Facility (MSW

TF)

General Facilities at MSW Site

Weighing facility for MSW loaded vehicles Pre-shorting m/c Pre- composting area Semi-finished screening m/c Composting shed Finished screening m/c Final compost area Palletizer for RDF Facility for eco-brick and plastic granules Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facility

Flow Diagram for a Typical Compost Based MSW Facility

Weighing of MSW

Pre - shorting

m/c

Pre-composting

area

Semi-finished

screening m/c

Composting shed

Finished screening

m/c

Landfill area

Refused derived fuel (RDF) through

pelletizer

Plastics for granule making

Eco-bricks

Final compost

area

Compost for packing

Effluent treatment

Pit for leachate

MSW Facility

CONSTRUCTION of SECURED LANDFILL

Landfill Excavation Starts

2mm ‘HDPE’ PIPES

LINER WELDING & TESTING

Geo Textile Layer LANDFILL READY TO RECEIVED Hz. WASTE

Landfill Excavation Starts

MU

NIC

IPA

L W

AST

E LA

ND

FILL

CR

OSS

SEC

TIO

N

(LIN

ER S

YSTE

M &

CO

VER

SYT

EM)

285 gsm GEOTEXTILE

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

60 cm

45 cm

= 1.5mm HDPE Geo MembraneCLAY.

7-8mm Drainage Composite

Vegetation

Sub Soil

HAZARDOUS WASTE]

SOIL COVER

GAS COLLECTION MEDIA

Top Soil

Vegetative Soil

GEO NET

Gas Vent

15 cm

45 cm

= 2mm HDPE Geo MembraneCompacted Clay / Compacted Amended Soil

400 G.S.M Geo Textile

30 cm

285 gsm GEOTEXTILE 200mm Thick Filter

Media (20mm Gravels)

100mm Thick SandLeachate Collection Pipe

LANDFILL CAPPING

Status of MSW in Allahabad Region

Name of Operator

Allahabad Waste Processing Co. Ltd.- SPML, Allahabad

A2Z Waste Management Ltd. , Fatehpur

Project Cost 76.41 Crores 9.37 Crores

Site Area 67 Acres 18.58 Acres

Treatment Capacity

600 TPD 100 TPD

MSW Available for Treatment

300 TPD 25-30 TPD

Facility Composting, Landfill with leachate treatment, RDF

Composting, Landfill with leachate treatment,

RDF

Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment

Composting has gained wide acceptance as a key component of integrated solid waste management system

Debate Continues: What material should be composted ? (organic waste separated at their source Vs mixed municipal solid waste)

Quantity of material diverted from landfills, the quality of final compost, the impact on recycling and the cost

Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment

Many potential compost users are concerned about physical and chemical contaminants in compost made from mixed municipal solid waste.

Chemical contaminants which includes both toxic organic chemicals (e.g. PCBs and dioxins) and heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury) pose a greater problem for this technology

Manual picking lines, size separation, magnetic metal recovery, air

classification and other mechanical approaches are effective but rarely

target the specific sources of contaminants

Possible Solution: Source Segregation This method generally requires households to separate their

waste into three streams i.e. source segregation method: 1) Recyclable (glass, plastic, metallic items) 2) Compostable (food, yard, non-recyclable packaging and paper waste) 3) Material for disposal (diapers, pet waste and sweepings)

A recent study (CPCB, 2006) has recommended that the compost plant

should be fed with only source segregated organic waste to ensure heavy metals in

the compost are within limits

Principal Challenge The principal challenge is to generate a market for the finished

compost Agriculture use requires transportation@ 20-100 tonne per

hectare per year. This can prove more expensive than chemical fertilizers.

Farmers are attracted by chemical fertilizers and forget the soil conditioning benefit of compost.

Finished Compost from MSW is a soil conditioner. No solid waste

disposal system makes profit for the local body. We at least get a useful product out of wastes and

save our scarce resources(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)

Thank You