the partnership of free speech & good governance in africa
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WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
The Partnership of Free Speech and Good
Governance in Africa
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
What is the Afrobarometer?
The Afrobarometer (AB) is a comparative series of public opinion surveysthat measure public attitudes toward democracy, governance, the economy,leadership, identity, and other related issues.
The AB is an independent, non-partisan, African-based network ofresearchers.
The first round of surveys took place in 1999-2001 in 12 countries. TheNetwork is now conducting “Round 5” surveys in up to 35 countries during2011-2013.
Purpose: To measure popular perspectives on the social, political, andeconomic environments in each country where it is implemented and acrossAfrica.
Goal: To give the public a voice in policy making processes by providinghigh-quality public opinion data to policy-makers, policy advocates and civilsociety organizations, academics, media, donors and investors, and ordinaryAfricans.
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WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Country Coverage: 1999-2013
Round 1, 1999-2001, 12 countries
• Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
• West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Nigeria
• East Africa: Tanzania, Uganda
Round 2, 2002-2003, 16 countries
• Cape Verde, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal
Round 3, 2005-2006, 18 countries
• Benin, Madagascar
Round 4, 2008-2009, 20 countries
• Burkina Faso, Liberia
Round 5, 2011-2013, up to 35 countries
• Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Togo, Tunisia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland
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Who is Afrobarometer
A Pan-African Network of survey researchers and analysts.
• In each country there is a National Partner responsible for survey implementation.
• Four Core Partners provide technical assistance and Network management:
o Center for Democratic Development (CDD), Ghana
o Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR), South Africa
o Institute for Development Studies (IDS), University of Nairobi, Kenya
o Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP), Benin
• Two Support Units for capacity building and quality assurance
o Michigan State University
o University of Cape Town
• Round 5 Core Funders include
– DFID
– SIDA
– USAID
– Mo Ibrahim Foundation
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Survey Methodology
• Nationally representative sample of adult citizens
– all respondents are randomly selected
– every adult citizen has an equal and known chance of being selected
• Face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice
• Standard survey instrument across all countries for comparability
• These 34-country results therefore represent the views of approximately
three-quarters (76%) of the continent’s population with a margin of
error of +/-2% at a 95% confidence level.
• The total number of respondents in the 34 countries was 51,605.
• Results from a 35th country, Ethiopia, will be available shortly.
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WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Global Dissemination Events
• 01 October 2013 - Johannesburg -- Lived poverty and the Economy
• 16 October 2013 - Nairobi -- Globalization and the Freedom to Communicate
• 30 October 2013 - Accra -- Governance and Resource Management
• 13 November 2013 - Dakar -- Corruption and Attitudes toward China
• 27 November 2013 - Lagos -- Taxation
• 4 December 2013 - Addis Ababa -- Gender
• 12 December 2013 - Bamako -- Democracy
•
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WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
SURVEY FINDINGS
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Freedom of Speech, 34
countries, 2011 - 2013
• Just half of Africans (49%) across 34 countries say that they are
‘completely free’ to say what they think, while another quarter (26%)
say they are at least ‘somewhat free’.
Open countries like Malawi, Tanzania and Liberia – where at least three-
quarters of citizens feel completely free to express themselves –
Contrasts sharply with their much more restricted counterparts,
including Burkina Faso, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Cote d’Ivoire, Togo and
Sudan, where only about one in four see it this way.
8
Participants were asked: "In this country, how free are you to say what you think?" (% who say completely free)
Freedom of Speech, 34 countries, 2011 - 2013
Participants were asked: "In this country, how free are you to say what you think?" (% who say completely free)
7976 75 74 73 73
6865
63 6260
57 57 5755 55 53 53 52 52
49
45
4138
34 33 3331 30
24 2422 21 21
19
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% M
ala
wi
Tan
zan
ia
Lib
eria
Gh
an
a
Tun
isia
Se
ne
ga
l
Bo
tsw
an
a
Leso
tho
Alg
eria
Sie
rra
Le
on
e
Na
mib
ia
Be
nin
Za
mb
ia
Ca
pe
Ve
rde
Ke
nya
Gu
ine
a
Eg
yp
t
Nig
er
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ug
an
da
AV
ER
AG
E
Ma
uritiu
s
Mo
zam
biq
…
Ma
li
Nig
eria
Bu
run
di
Ca
me
roo
n
Ma
da
ga
sca
r
Mo
roc
co
Bu
rkin
a F
aso
Sw
azi
lan
d
Zim
ba
bw
e
Co
te d
’Ivo
ire
Tog
o
Su
da
n
9
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Demand for media freedom,
34 countries, 2011 - 2013
• Popular demand for media freedom is solid, with 57% endorsing
an unfettered right to publish; the proportions range from 52% in
West Africa to 72% among East Africans.
10
Demand for media freedom, 34 countries, 2011 - 2013
Participants were asked: "Which of these statements is closest to your view? Choose statement 1 or statement 2:
Statement 1: The media should have the right to publish any views and ideas without government control.
Statement 2: The government should have the right to prevent the media from publishing things that it considers harmful
to society."
11
83%
80%
73%
70%
68%
57%
49%
48%
48%
47%
44%
40%
37%
29%
7%
2%
1%
12%
2%
5%
6%
3%
2%
2%
2%
3%
10%
3%
10%
18%
26%
18%
30%
39%
46%
49%
50%
52%
54%
57%
53%
68%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cape Verde
Uganda
Tanzania
Madagascar
Burundi
AVERAGE
Sudan
Cote d'Ivoire
Guinea
Liberia
Mali
Lesotho
Cameroon
Senegal
Freedom to publish Don't know / neither Government control
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Role of media in society
• Media to constantly investigate and report government mistakes and corruption– Solid majority (69%) support media role of oversight
– Uganda highest (85%), along with Cape Verde (83%), Mauritius (81%)
– Only Algeria and Swaziland fail to win support for this position from a majority (49% and 50%, respectively)
12
Participants were asked: "Which of these statements is closest to your view? Choose statement 1 or statement 2:
Statement 1: The news media should constantly investigate and report on government mistakes and corruption.
Statement 2: Too much reporting on negative events, like government mistakes and corruption, only harms the
country.“
Support for media role in monitoring government, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked: "Which of these statements is closest to your view? Choose statement 1 or statement 2:
Statement 1: The news media should constantly investigate and report on government mistakes and corruption.
Statement 2: Too much reporting on negative events, like government mistakes and corruption, only harms the country.“
5763 63 66 68 69 69 70 70 72 72 74 76 77 83
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%Se
neg
al
Co
te d
'Ivo
ire
Cam
ero
on
Nig
eri
a
Bu
rkin
a Fa
so
Gh
ana
Mal
i
Gu
ine
a
AV
ERA
GE
Nig
er
Sie
rra
Leo
ne
Be
nin
Togo
Lib
eria
Cap
e V
erd
e
7380 80 80 85
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ke
nya
AV
ER
AG
E
Bu
run
di
Tan
zan
ia
Ug
an
da
50 54 5562 63 66 70 72 74 74 76 81
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Swaz
ilan
d
Leso
tho
Zim
bab
we
Mo
zam
biq
ue
Nam
ibia
AV
ERA
GE
Sou
th A
fric
a
Zam
bia
Mad
agas
car
Mal
awi
Bo
tsw
ana
Mau
riti
us
4957 60 61 64 68
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Alg
eria
Sud
an
AV
ERA
GE
Tun
isia
Mo
rocc
o
Egyp
t
West Africa East Africa
Southern Africa North Africa
13
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Media Effectiveness
Generally, citizens give high marks to their national media for
effectiveness in revealing government mistakes and corruption;
Average of 71% say the media in their country is either ‘somewhat’
or ‘very effective’;
But this average masks wide differences, from lows of just 40% in
Madagascar and 43% in Zimbabwe, to 80% or more of Malawians
and Egyptians.
East Africans are much more likely (81%) to rate their media as
effective compared to all other regions.
Individual freedom of speech and media effectiveness go hand in hand;
the two are strongly and positively correlated.
14
Participants were asked: In this country, how effective is the news media in revealing government mistakes and
corruption? (% who say ‘somewhat effective’ or ‘very effective’)
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Media Effectiveness cont’d
Freedom of speech is also strongly linked to citizens’ ratings of
their leaders: greater freedom is associated with higher levels of
trust in leaders and lower reported levels of corruption.
Freedom of speech is also associated with higher ratings of
government performance across all sectors. The relationship is
strongest with respect to fighting corruption.
15
Effectiveness of news media in monitoring government, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked: In this country, how effective is the news media in revealing government mistakes and
corruption? (% who say ‘somewhat effective’ or ‘very effective’)
West Africa East Africa
Southern Africa North Africa
41 4151
58 58 60 61 6368 71 72 73 73
80 82
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%To
go
Co
te d
'Ivo
ire
Cam
ero
on
Nig
eria
Bu
rkin
a Fa
so
Cap
e V
erd
e
Lib
eri
a
AV
ERA
GE
Gu
ine
a
Sier
ra L
eon
e
Mal
i
Nig
er
Ben
in
Sen
ega
l
Gh
ana
78 79 81 83 84
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ken
ya
Bu
run
di
AV
ERA
GE
Uga
nd
a
Tan
zan
ia
2938
4549
59 6166 67
74 7581
88
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ma
da
ga
sca
r
Zim
ba
bw
e
Mo
zam
biq
u
e
Sw
azi
lan
d
Leso
tho
AV
ER
AG
E
Za
mb
ia
Na
mib
ia
Bo
tsw
an
a
Ma
law
i
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ma
uritiu
s
4349 51
60
77 77
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Sud
an
Mo
rocc
o
Alg
eria
AV
ERA
GE
Egyp
t
Tun
isia
16
Freedom of speech and media effectiveness, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Individual freedom of speech and media effectiveness go hand in hand; the two are strongly and positively correlated.
17
Freedom of speech and fighting corruption, country level comparisons
34 countries, 2011-2013
Greater freedom of speech is associated with higher levels of trust in leaders and lower reported levels of corruption.
18
Government handling of fight against corruption, compared to
ratings of freedom of speech, 34 countries, 2011-2013
19
69%
63%
58%
50%
56%
22%
27%
33%
41%
35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Not at all free Not very free Somewhat free Completely free Total
Rating of freedom of expression
Fightingcorruptionfairly/verybadly
Fightingcorruptionfairly/verywell
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
Access to news from selected sources,
by region, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Television has risen slightly as a key source of news for Africans,
while newspapers and radio are both down slightly.
North Africans use television far more than do people of other
regions.
Cellular telephone penetration in Africa is both growing and wide
spread.
An average of 84% of respondents now use cell phones at least
occasionally,
And in 20 countries tracked since 2008, access has increased
substantially compared to just a few years ago.
Internet usage, by contrast, has increased only marginally, and from a
much lower base;
Average of 18% of respondents access internet on at least a
monthly basis,
But this ranges from nearly twice as many (34%) in North Africa,
to less than one in ten (9%) in West Africa.
20
Access to news from selected sources, by region, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked:" How often do you get news from each of the following sources?" (% responding ‘a few times a month’, ‘a few times a week’ or ‘every day’)
8083
78
61
77
53
32
5256
2125
41 41
31
1410
16
32
17
0%
15%
30%
45%
60%
75%
90%
West Africa East Africa Southern Africa North Africa Overall
Radio Television Newspaper Internet
21
Access to news via selected sources, 16 countries, 2002-2012
Participants were asked:" How often do you get news from each of the following sources?" (% responding ‘a few times a month’, ‘a few times a week’ or ‘every day’)
86 84 8481
4544 44
54
40
36 3632
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2002 2005 2008 2012
Radio TV Newspaper
22
Cell phone ownership, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked: Do you ever use a mobile phone? If so, who owns the mobile phone that you use most often.
72%
16%
9%
3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Own and use mobilephone
Never owned a phone Use a phone owned byhousehold member
Use a phone owned bysomeone outside the
home
23
Use of mobile phones, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked: Do you ever use a mobile phone? (% yes)
24
Increases in cellular telephone access/use, 2008-2012, 20 countries
"How often do you normally use
a mobile phone to make or
receive a call?" (% responding
that they ever used a mobile
phone)
45%
39%
58%
50%
73%
52%
58%
60%
63%
70%
53%
55%
83%
60%
46%
51%
77%
82%
89%
79%
73%
44%
67%
73%
75%
80%
80%
80%
82%
83%
83%
84%
86%
88%
89%
89%
91%
91%
92%
92%
93%
95%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Liberia
Uganda
Lesotho
Cape Verde
Tanzania
Average
Zambia
Benin
Mali
Nigeria
Ghana
Burkina Faso
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa
Kenya
Senegal
2012
2008
25
Use of Internet, by region, 34 countries, 2011-2013
Participants were asked: How often do you use the internet? (% using ‘a few times a month’ or more)
9
16 17
34
18
0%
15%
30%
45%
East
Afr
ica
Wes
t A
fric
a
Sou
the
rn A
fric
a
No
rth
Afr
ica
Ave
rage
26
WWW.AFROBAROMETER.ORG
THANK YOU
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