the observation of the pacific-indian ocean transport and ... · the observation of the...

The observation of the Pacific-Indian Ocean

transport and its South China Sea branch

Shujiang Li1, Zexun Wei1, Guohong Fang1,

Budi Sulistiyo2, R. Dwi Susanto3, Agus Setiawan2

1. First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China

2. Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research and Development, MMAF, Indonesia

3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Past & on going Observation

3. SITE program and some results

1. Introduction

Global Great Ocean Conveyor and Pacific-to-Indian-Ocean Transport

Green arrow in the South China Sea shows possible branch of the

Pacific-to-Indian-Ocean Transport suggested by Fang et al., 2005.

Wyrtki’s (1961) early study

Wyrtki’s circulation patterns in winter (Feb) and summer (Aug), which are mainly

based on ship drift data.

Steamfunction from a variable-grid global ocean model (Fang et al., 2002)

Feb Aug

“Branch of Pacific-to-Indian Ocean throughflow”

proposed by Fang et al. 2002, 2005.

the updated trajectories of drifters from Fang et al., 2005

Note: all drifters that enter the SCS are present in winter.

100O E 105O E 110O E 115O E 120O E 125O E15O N

10O N

5O N

0O N

5O N

10O N

15O N

20O N

25O N

S

S

S

A diagram showing Interaction between SCSTF and ITF (Qu et al., 2005)

“South China Sea Troughflow (SCSTF)”

proposed by Qu et al. (2005),

Wang et al. (2006)

2. Past & On Going Observations

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

KSLG

NG MC

ME

HE

NEC

NECC

NGCUC

MS

TF

SEC

KSTF

GDCCSCSWC

CHINA

VIE

TN

AM

Taiw

an

Luzon

Mindanao

Kalimantan

Sulawesi

New Guinea

Java

Sum

atra

Mala

y Pen.

AUSTRALIAa

BPIO

T

BPIOT

BPIOT

Arlindo Mixing & Circulation 1993-1998, USA-Indonesia

Arlindo Mixing (Aug 1993 and Feb

1994)

Arlindo Circulation (20 Nov-15 Dec

1996 and 17 Feb-7 Mar 1998)

Arlindo Monitoring (1998 to 2007)

INSTANT: International Nusantara Stratification And Transport

Five nations are participating in INSTANT: Indonesia, France, the

Netherlands, the USA and Australia.

China-Indonesia-US Collaborative Program: The South China Sea – Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange (SITE)

and Impacts on Seasonal Fish Migration was established in 2006 by First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), China,

Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research (AMFR), Indonesia Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), USA. The

program outlines an effort to measure the magnitude and variability of the water mass transport/exchange, temperature,

salinity, and heat flux between the Indonesia Seas and South China Sea. Now, the collaborative research has been

extended from the Karimata Strait to the Sunda and Lombok Straits.

3. SITE program and some results

The observation in South China Sea branch

Instruments: Trawl-Resistant Bottom Mount system （TRBM）

ADCP Buoy

CTD

Tide recorder

Releaser

Beacon

Battery house

The deploy and recover

Deploy

Recover

Progress of SITE observation

Since December 2007, we have conducted the field work for three

Phases, and have carried out 13 joint research cruises in the Karimata

and Sunda Straits. The field work of the Phase I and II has been

completed from 2007 to 2011. From 2012, we start to carry out the

work of the Phase III.

Research vessel Research area

General Information of SITE Cruises Phase Cruise num. Date Research Vessel Study area

I

1 2007.11.28-12.8 Baruna Jaya IV Karimata Strait

2 2008.01.07-01.19 Baruna Jaya I Karimata Strait

3 2008.02.07-02.19 Baruna Jaya I Karimata Strait

4 2008.05.03-05.16 Baruna Jaya III Karimata Strait

II

5 2008.10.23-11.10 Baruna Jaya VIII Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

6 2009.08.07-08.21 GeoMarine III Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

7 2009.10.11-10.26 GeoMarine III Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

8 2010.02.17-03.03 Baruna Jaya III Sunda Strait

9 2010.11.05-11.19 Madidihang 03 Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

10 2011.09.13-10.08 Baruna Jaya VIII Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

III

11 2012.06.07-06.29 Baruna Jaya III Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

12 2012.11.20-11.29 Baruna Jaya VIII Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

13 2013.06.28-07.07 Baruna Jaya VIII Karimata Strait and Sunda Strait

Deploy

TRBM in the seabed

Recover

Time series of the sub-tidal (25-hour mean) currents in winter 2007/2008

Some results from SITE

From Fang et al., 2010, JGR

Observed along-channel

velocity, temperature and

salinity in winter 2007/2008.

The recovered current,

temperature and salinity data

show southward transports of

3.6 Sv for volume

0.36 PW for heat

0.14 Sv for freshwater

velocity

temperature

salinity

Time series of the vertically averaged along-channel velocity

at station A2 from Dec 2007 to Nov 2008

Inferred annual mean

volume transport is ~0.8

Sv, southward.

Observation is still on going

Karimata Strait

Lombok Strait

Thanks!