the nail structure. the nail structure/cross section

The Nail Structure

The Nail Structure/Cross Section

Nail Diseases & Disorders = Onychosis

• Nail Diseases: will show signs of infection or inflammation (redness, pain, swelling or pus). All diseases require medical attention and must NOT be treated in the salon.

• Nail Disorder: condition caused by injury to the nail or some imbalance in the body. These can be treated in the salon.

Diseases

• Onychia- inflammation of the matrix with pus and shedding of the nail. Improperly disinfected nail implements could cause this bacterial disease.

DiseaseOnychocryptosis - ingrown nails; nails grow into the tissue surrounding the nail

DiseaseOnychogryposis – thickening and

increased curvature of the nail; also called “ram’s horn nail” usually caused by injury to

the matrix

DiseaseOnycholysis – loosening of the nail without

shedding usually beginning at the free edge and continuing to the lunula.

DiseaseOnychomadesis – separation and falling off of

the nail from the nail bed.

Disease

• Onychoptosis -The periodic shedding of one or more nails, in whole or in part. This condition might follow certain diseases such as syphilis, or can result from trauma, system upsets or reactions to prescription drugs.

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Disease• Onychomycosis - fungal infection of

natural nail plate, infect the free edge & spread to matrix

DiseaseParonychia - bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail. Pus is usually present along with gradual thickening and brownish discoloration

of the nail plate.

Disease

Chronic Paronychia: most often found in toenails because of perspiration in footgear

DiseasePyogenic Granuloma – severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up

from the nail bed to the nail plate.

Disease

Tinea (ringworm) – highly contagious skin disease caused by a vegetable parasite or

fungus. It is characterized by itching, scales and sometimes painful circular lesions.

DiseaseTinea Pedis – athlete’s foot or

ringworm of the foot

DiseaseTinea Unguium – ringworm of the nail. The disease invades the free edge and spreads towards the root

DiseaseNail Psoriasis – tiny pits

appear on the surfaceTreatment: Refer to Physician

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa – an anaerobic (No Oxygen) bacterial infection that can grow out of control as a result of an unsanitized natural nail or unsanitized implements then covered by artificial nail products such as tips, acrylic, gels,

or wraps. Formerly incorrectly referred to as mold

• Treatment:You may only remove

The enhancements.

Then you MUST

REFFER CLIENT

TO A

PHYSICIAN

Bacterial Infection - Disease

DisorderBeau’s Lines – visible

depressions running across the width of the nail plate – usually

caused by major illnessTreatment: lightly buff & use ridge

filler

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DisorderSplinter Hemorage

• caused by physical tramua, damages capillaries & blood flows up to bed epithelium, always positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth

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DisorderBlue Nails – discolored nails is a condition

caused by poor blood circulation, heart disorder, or topical and oral medications.

This condition may indicate the presence of a systemic disorder.

• Treatment: this condition can benefit from a regular manicure with polish, artificial tips, or wraps

DisorderBruised Nails – blood clot forms

under the nail plate, forming a dark purplish spot, usually due to injury

• Treatment: this nail can benefit from regular manicures, the dried blood will attach itself to the nail plate and grow out over time. Try to avoid placing pressure on the nail plate during the manicure.

DisorderCorrugations – wavy rides,

caused by uneven growth of the nails

• Treatment: carefully buff the nail, this helps to minimize the ridges. Use a ridge filler base coat to give the polish a smooth look

DisorderEggshell Nails – noticeably thin, they are more flexible than normal nails. Usually

caused by improper diet, internal disease,

medications or nervous disorders. • Treatment: be very careful when manicuring these

nails they are fragile and can break easily. Do not use pressure, and use the fine side of the file.

DisorderFurrows – depressions in the nails that can run either lengthwise or across the nail. Occasionally caused by

pregnancy, poor circulation, of frostbite

• Treatment: nails are brittle & great care must be exercised when giving a manicure. Avoid the use of a metal pusher; instead use a plastic one or an orange wood stick, use ridgefiller.

DisorderHangnail or Agnail: condition

where cuticle splits around the nail.

• Treatment: Hot oil manicures will aid in correcting the problem. Advise client that if not properly cared for a hangnail can become infected

DisorderLeukonychia – white spots on the nail; usually caused by injury to the

base of the nail

• Treatment: treat as normal healthy nail; spots should grow out and disappear

DisorderMelanonychia – darkening of the nail, can be seen as a black band under the nail; an

increase in pigment cells

• Treatment: treat as normal nail

Disorder Onychatrophia – is the atrophy or

wasting away of the nail, usually due to injury

• Treatment: file nail with smooth side of emery board; do not use metal pusher; advise client to protect nails from further injury

DisorderOnychauxis –(otherwise know as Hypertrophy) overgrowth of the nail usually in thickness; can be

hereditary, internal imbalance, or a local infection. • Treatment: If infection is present do

NOT manicure the nail. If not you may file and buff the nail smooth.

DisorderOnychophagy – bitten nails result

of an acquired habit.• Treatment: regular manicures or nail

enhancements will discourage the client from biting the nails

DisorderOnychorrhexis – abnormal brittleness with

striations (lines). Usually caused by improper filing vitamin deficiencies, or exposure to strong soaps

• Treatment: Suggest hot oil manicures, buff gently, use ridge filler

DisorderPlicatured Nail – “folded nail” surface is usually flat while the two sides fold at a

90degree angle

• Treatment: carefully trim nails straight across to prevent ingrown nails

Disorder Pterygium – forward growth of the

eponychium

• Treatment: Do NOT use a metal instrument to push back the skin, doing so will just make it worse. Use cuticle creams and conditioners on the area

DisorderTrumpet or Pincer Nails – edge of the nail

plate curls around to form the shape of a trumpet or a cone. Nail bed becomes

constricted and may be painful

• Treatment: carefully trim the margins of the nail to make the client comfortable