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The Law of Cooperative The Law of Cooperative CorporationsCorporations
University of ArkansasUniversity of Arkansas
LLM Program, Agricultural Law, 2007LLM Program, Agricultural Law, 2007Fayetteville, ArkansasFayetteville, Arkansas
April, 2007April, 2007
James R. BaardaJames R. Baarda
IntroductionIntroduction
5.Conceptual foundations
4.Current and future issues
3.The law of farmer cooperatives
2.Basic cooperative business
1.Perspectives
Course OverviewCourse Overview
ObjectivesObjectives
Farmer Cooperatives and LawFarmer Cooperatives and Law• An integrated approach• From principles to law and back• What is known• What is uncertain• What is changing
Farmer Cooperatives and LawFarmer Cooperatives and Law• “Organic” cooperative law• Privately created cooperative law• Laws applied to all cooperatives• Laws applied to farmer cooperatives• Laws with peculiar consequences• The law of business• Laws affecting all individuals
Effective CounselEffective Counsel
1. Define the problem2. Identify objectives3. Define options4. Devise action plans5. Predict consequences
1. Define the problem2. Identify objectives3. Define options4. Devise action plans5. Predict consequences
Effective CounselEffective Counsel
1. Relationships2. Obligations3. Transactions
1. Relationships2. Obligations3. Transactions
5.Why cooperatives?
4.Matters of principle
3.Corporate entities
2.Basic definitions
1.The business enterprise
IntroductionIntroduction
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Federal statutes and programs
4.Proposed uniform law
3.New statutes
2.Incorporation and principles
1.Statutory development
StatutesStatutes
Course OverviewCourse Overview
3.Boards of directors
2.Organization control
1.Members
MembershipMembership
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Current issues
4.The patronage refund
3.Marketing agreements
2.Member relationships
1.Benefits
OperationsOperations
Course OverviewCourse Overview
2.Counselor roles
1.Process
FormationFormation
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Equity redemption
4.Base capital plans
3.Revolving fund system
2.Patronage based equity
1.Techniques and sources
FinanceFinance
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Non-member equity
4.Globalization issues
3.Strategic alliances, subsidiaries
2.Limited liability companies
1.“New generation” cooperatives
InnovationsInnovations
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Basic tax rules
4.Patronage refunds defined
3.Section 521
2.Subchapter T
1.Principles
TaxationTaxation
Course OverviewCourse Overview
8.Income sources
7.Losses
6.Patronage financing
Taxation (cont.)Taxation (cont.)
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Undue price enhancement
4.Current issues
3.Scope of behavior
2.Capper-Volstead Act
1.The problem
AntitrustAntitrust
Course OverviewCourse Overview
5.Current issues
4.Sarbanes-Oxley implications
3.Blue sky laws
2.Is it a “security”?
1.Statutes and exceptions
SecuritiesSecurities LawLaw
Course OverviewCourse Overview
4.Dissolution
3.Conversion
2.Recapitalization
1.Merger, consolidation
RealignmentsRealignments
Course OverviewCourse Overview
6.Cooperative life stages theories
5.Cooperative typology
4.Contracts and cooperatives
3.Theories of the firm
2.Economic contract theory
1.Supply chain organization
Tall ThoughtsTall Thoughts
Course OverviewCourse Overview
1.The business enterprise
1. What do people need?1. What do people need?2. What institutions have developed 2. What institutions have developed
to satisfy those needs?to satisfy those needs?3. How are processes and systems 3. How are processes and systems
implemented in practice?implemented in practice?
Three Critical QuestionsThree Critical Questions
Human needsHuman needs Spiritual beliefsSelf-fulfillment
Artistic expressionFreedom
Self-determinationSocial interaction
ProcreationSafetyShelter
ClothingFood
Feb 17, 7:43 AM ESTU.N.: Hunger Kills 18,000 Kids Each Day By EDITH M. LEDERER Associated Press Writer UNITED NATIONS (AP) -- Some 18,000 children die every day because of hunger and malnutrition and 850 million people go to bed every night with empty stomachs, a "terrible indictment of the world in 2007," the head of the U.N. food agency said.
James Morris … said that while the percentage of people who are hungry and malnourished has decreased from a fifth of the world's population to a sixth of the population, the actual number of hungry people is growing by about 5 million people a year because of the rising population.
750 children die each hour --from hunger and malnutrition
A child dies every 4.8 seconds --from hunger and malnutrition
By 11:00 Thursday morning, 55,500 children will have died -- from hunger and malnutrition
If we fill every seat in Razorback Stadium,by Friday’s lunch they all will have died --
from hunger and malnutrition
InstitutionsInstitutions Spiritual beliefsSelf-fulfillment
Artistic expressionFreedom
Self-determinationSocial interaction
ProcreationSafetyShelter
ClothingFood
Economic Activity
Specialization ExchangeMoney
OrganizationOwnershipObligation
Laws
ActionsActions
ImplementationImplementation Spiritual beliefsSelf-fulfillment
Artistic expressionFreedom
Self-determinationSocial interaction
ProcreationSafetyShelter
ClothingFood
Economic Activity
Specialization ExchangeMoney
OrganizationOwnershipObligation
Laws
Custom, TraditionProperty
Agreements, ContractMarkets
GovernmentBusiness Entities
Spiritual beliefsSelf-fulfillment
Artistic expressionFreedom
Self-determinationSocial interaction
ProcreationSafetyShelter
ClothingFood
Economic Activity
Specialization ExchangeMoney
OrganizationOwnershipObligation
Laws
Custom, TraditionProperty
Agreements, ContractMarkets
GovernmentBusiness Entities
ImplementationImplementation
Business entities
Agricultural Systems --Agricultural Systems --The “Supply Chain”The “Supply Chain”
Policy
Equity Capital
Services
Credit
Tax, Legal
Research
Institutions
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final Market
Farmers and MarketsFarmers and Markets
• Sale on spot marketSale on spot market- - Straight saleStraight sale- Auction- Auction
• Options, derivatives, hedgingOptions, derivatives, hedging
Farmers and MarketsFarmers and Markets
• Coordination by contractCoordination by contract- - Production contractsProduction contracts- Marketing contracts- Marketing contracts
Farmers and MarketsFarmers and Markets
• IntegrationIntegration- - System coordinationSystem coordination- Product ownership- Product ownership- Role of grower- Role of grower
Farmers and MarketsFarmers and Markets
• Cooperation, collaborationCooperation, collaboration
2.Basic definitions
• Sole proprietorshipsSole proprietorships• PartnershipsPartnerships• CorporationsCorporations• CooperativesCooperatives
Syllabus: Introduction
Business Organizational Business Organizational StructureStructure
• Limited liability companiesLimited liability companies• Non-profit organizationsNon-profit organizations• Contracted organizationContracted organization• Quasi-governmentalQuasi-governmental
Syllabus: Introduction
Business Organizational Business Organizational StructureStructure
• InvestmentInvestment• OperationsOperations• FinanceFinance
• InvestmentInvestment• OperationsOperations• FinanceFinance
The “Analytical Triangle”The “Analytical Triangle”
OperationsOperationsOperationsOperations
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
The Operating StatementThe Operating StatementThe Operating StatementThe Operating Statement
PurchasesPurchasesPurchasesPurchases
Administrative ExpensesAdministrative ExpensesAdministrative ExpensesAdministrative Expenses
Physical AssetsPhysical AssetsPhysical AssetsPhysical Assets
Financing ExpensesFinancing ExpensesFinancing ExpensesFinancing Expenses
SalesSalesSalesSales
NetNet MarginsMarginsNetNet MarginsMargins
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
InvestmentInvestmentInvestmentInvestment
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
The Balance SheetThe Balance Sheet
AssetsAssetsAssetsAssets
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
Current AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent Assets
InvestmentsInvestmentsInvestmentsInvestments
Plant,Plant,PropertyProperty
EquipmentEquipment
Plant,Plant,PropertyProperty
EquipmentEquipment
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
FinanceFinanceFinanceFinance
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
The Balance SheetThe Balance Sheet
LiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilities
Member EquityMember Equity Member EquityMember Equity
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
Short-termShort-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
Short-termShort-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
Long-termLong-termLiabilitiesLiabilitiesLong-termLong-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
MemberMemberEquityEquity
MemberMemberEquityEquity
Investment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations FinanceInvestment Operations Finance
InvestmentInvestmentInvestmentInvestment OperationsOperationsOperationsOperations FinanceFinanceFinanceFinance
Administrative ExpensesAdministrative ExpensesAdministrative ExpensesAdministrative Expenses
Physical AssetsPhysical AssetsPhysical AssetsPhysical Assets
SalesSalesSalesSales
Financing ExpensesFinancing ExpensesFinancing ExpensesFinancing Expenses
NetNet MarginsMarginsNetNet MarginsMargins
PurchasesPurchasesPurchasesPurchases
Current AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent Assets
InvestmentsInvestmentsInvestmentsInvestments
Plant,Plant,PropertyProperty
EquipmentEquipment
Plant,Plant,PropertyProperty
EquipmentEquipment
Short-termShort-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
Short-termShort-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
Long-termLong-termLiabilitiesLiabilitiesLong-termLong-termLiabilitiesLiabilities
EquityEquityEquityEquity
AgricultureAgriculture• Local, regional, nationalLocal, regional, national
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
• Single, multiple functionSingle, multiple function• Centralized, federatedCentralized, federated
Cooperative
Cooperative
Cooperative
Cooperative
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Rural non-agricultureRural non-agriculture
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Rural non-agricultureRural non-agriculture• Community, shared servicesCommunity, shared services
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Rural non-agricultureRural non-agriculture• Community, shared servicesCommunity, shared services• UtilitiesUtilities
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Number 864 distribution 66 G&T
Service 40 million individuals
12% of U.S. population 17 million businesses
States 47Counties 2,500 of 3,141Lines 43% of U.S. linesPower 10% of U.S. kw hours
Number 864 distribution 66 G&T
Service 40 million individuals
12% of U.S. population 17 million businesses
States 47Counties 2,500 of 3,141Lines 43% of U.S. linesPower 10% of U.S. kw hours
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives Rural non-agricultureRural non-agriculture• Community, shared servicesCommunity, shared services• UtilitiesUtilities• FinanceFinance
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives Rural non-agricultureRural non-agriculture• Community, shared servicesCommunity, shared services• UtilitiesUtilities• FinanceFinance• Health, insurance, housingHealth, insurance, housing
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors
Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors• FranchiseesFranchisees
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors• FranchiseesFranchisees• RetailRetail
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors• FranchiseesFranchisees• RetailRetail• Shared servicesShared services
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors• FranchiseesFranchisees• RetailRetail• Shared servicesShared services• Credit unionsCredit unions
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
Number 8,534Memberships 87.4 millionAssets/credit union $85 millionLoans outstanding $507 billion
Number 8,534Memberships 87.4 millionAssets/credit union $85 millionLoans outstanding $507 billion
Other economic sectorsOther economic sectors• FranchiseesFranchisees• RetailRetail• Shared servicesShared services• Credit unionsCredit unions• “ “Unlimited” possibilitiesUnlimited” possibilities
Types of CooperativesTypes of Cooperatives
World of CooperativesWorld of Cooperatives • Total in the United StatesTotal in the United States
- Numbers- Numbers- Descriptions- Descriptions
U.S. Farmer CooperativesU.S. Farmer Cooperatives Number of Cooperatives 2,982
Memberships 2.7 million
Gross Business Volume $116.9 billion
Net Income $1.4 billion
Total Assets $47.8 billion
Net Worth $20 billion
Full-time Employees 163,500
Part-time Employees 59,300
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 2
U.S. Farmer CooperativesU.S. Farmer Cooperatives
World of CooperativesWorld of Cooperatives • Total in the United StatesTotal in the United States
- Numbers- Numbers- Descriptions- Descriptions
• Largest 100 U.S. ag. cooperativesLargest 100 U.S. ag. cooperatives
World of CooperativesWorld of Cooperatives • Total in the United StatesTotal in the United States
- Numbers- Numbers- Descriptions- Descriptions
• Largest 100 U.S. ag. CooperativesLargest 100 U.S. ag. Cooperatives• Largest 100 in the U.S.Largest 100 in the U.S.
AgricultureGroceryEnergy and communications FinanceHardware and lumberHealthcareFoodservice distributionRecreationalMediaFranchise
381818 11732111
Total business, 2005 $140.8 bilTotal assets, 2005 131.1 bil
Total business, 2005 $140.8 bilTotal assets, 2005 131.1 bil
World of CooperativesWorld of Cooperatives • Total in the United StatesTotal in the United States
- Numbers- Numbers- Descriptions- Descriptions
• Largest 100 U.S. ag. CooperativesLargest 100 U.S. ag. Cooperatives• Largest 100 in the U.S.Largest 100 in the U.S.• ICA Global 300ICA Global 300
No. of Global 300
cooperativesRank Country
1 62 USA
2 45 France
3 33 Germany
4 28 Italy
5 19 Netherlands
6 18 Japan
7 16 UK
8 9 Canada
9 9 Finland
10 7 Switzerland
11 6 New Zealand
12 6 Norway
13 6 Sweden
14 5 Spain
15 4 Ireland
Total business volume -- $965 billionTotal business volume -- $965 billion
Global 300 Cooperatives, 2004: Total Turnover and Turnover per cooperative
-
50,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
150,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
250,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
350,000,000,000
Food and A
gr.
Retaili
ng
Insu
rance
Finan
cial
Banks
Health
Care
Mater
ials
Utiliti
es
Energy
Teleco
mm
unicatio
n
Comm
ercia
l S&
S
Transp
orta
tion
Med
ia
Capital G
oods
Consum
er Ser
vices
GICS Group
US$
-
1,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
3,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
5,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
US$ per cooperative
$US Turnover
Turnover per coop
Global 300 Cooperatives, 2004: Total Turnover and Number of Cooperatives, by Country
0
20,000,000,000
40,000,000,000
60,000,000,000
80,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
120,000,000,000
140,000,000,000
160,000,000,000
180,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
France
Japan
USA
Germany
Nether
lands
Italy
Switzer
landUK
Finland
Korea
Norway
Canada
Sweden
Spain
Denm
ark
New Z
ealand
Belgium
Irela
nd
Austria
China
India
Israe
l
Brazil
Australi
a
Singap
ore
Taiwan, C
hina
Portu
gal
Méx
ico
Country
US$
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cooperatives
$US Turnover
No. of Global 300 cooperatives
Global 300 Cooperatives, 2004: Turnover and Number of Cooperatives
in Terms of GDP and Population, by Country
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
Finland
New Z
ealand
Switzer
land
Nether
lands
Norway
France
Denm
ark
Sweden
Germany
Korea
Irela
nd
Japan
Italy
Israe
l
Belgium
Canada
Singap
ore UKSpain
Austria
USA
Portu
gal
Taiwan, C
hina
Brazil
India
Australi
a
China
Méx
ico
Country
USD Turnover:GDP
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Cooperatives per 1 M population
Turnover:GDP
Coops per 1,000,000 pop.
DescriptionDescription
Business entities
• A matter of principlesA matter of principles• CorporationsCorporations• CooperativesCooperatives• Principles in commonPrinciples in common
DescriptionDescription
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 17-39
3.Corporate entities
1. Legal person2. Limited liability3. Perpetual existence4. Centralized management5. Standardized relationships
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 17-39
Corporate PrinciplesCorporate Principles
6. Broad range of capital sourcing7. Interests freely transferable
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 17-39
Corporate PrinciplesCorporate Principles
Cooperative PrinciplesCooperative Principles
1.1. The User-Owner Principle: Those who own and finance the cooperative are those who use the cooperative.
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 16
2.2. The User-Control Principle: Those who control the cooperative are those who use the cooperative
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 16
Cooperative PrinciplesCooperative Principles
3.3. The User-Benefits Principle: The cooperative's sole purpose is to provide and distribute benefits to its users on the basis of their use.
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 16
Cooperative PrinciplesCooperative Principles
ICA PrinciplesICA Principles 1. Voluntary and open membership2. Democratic member control3. Member economic participation4. Autonomy and independence5. Education, training and
information6. Co-operation among co-operatives7. Concern for community
Corporate Entity
ControlControl
BenefitBenefit
FinanceFinance
USEUSE
• Rule setsRule sets
Specify RulesSpecify Rules • Rule setsRule sets• Interests recognizedInterests recognized• Rule setsRule sets• Interests recognizedInterests recognized• ObjectivesObjectives
• Rule setsRule sets• Interests recognizedInterests recognized• ObjectivesObjectives• ImplementationImplementation
Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• Rule setsRule sets
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
Specify RulesSpecify Rules
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
• Rule setsRule setsSpecify RulesSpecify Rules
• Interests RecognizedInterests Recognized
• Members• Equity holders• Patrons• Creditors• Management
• Employees• Customers• Social interests• Public interests
Specify RulesSpecify Rules
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
• Interests RecognizedInterests Recognized Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• ObjectivesObjectives Specify RulesSpecify Rules
The firm -- investor-oriented corporation
Maximize the value of the firm
Maximize stockholder wealth
Maximize stock prices
• ObjectivesObjectives Specify RulesSpecify Rules
The firm -- cooperative
“Associations organized hereunder shall be deemed ‘nonprofit’ inasmuch as they are not organized to make profit for themselves, as such, or for their members, as such, but only for their members as producers.”
• ObjectivesObjectives Specify RulesSpecify Rules
- The firm –- Each recognized interest,
constituencies
• ObjectivesObjectives Specify RulesSpecify Rules
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
• ObjectivesObjectives Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• ImplementationImplementation
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• Identity of owners• Governance
Who votes?On what basis?Identity of board of directorsStructure of board
• Management
• ImplementationImplementation Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• OperationsChoices of business activityBenefits generationBenefits allocationStrategies
• ImplementationImplementation Specify RulesSpecify Rules
• FinancingCapitalizationEquity generationInvestmentPatronage-based equityRedemptionPermanencyLiquidity
• ImplementationImplementation Specify RulesSpecify Rules
User-Control + + + - + - - -User-Ownership + + - + - + - -User-Benefit + - + + - - + -
• ImplementationImplementation Specify RulesSpecify Rules
Rules or framework?Rules or framework? • Effective implementationEffective implementation• Role of legal systemRole of legal system• Roles of legal profession Roles of legal profession
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 39-72
5.Why cooperatives?
• MarketMarket• BargainBargain• SupplySupply• Provide serviceProvide service• Add valueAdd value
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 39-72
What Farmer Cooperatives DoWhat Farmer Cooperatives Do
U.S. Farmer CooperativesU.S. Farmer Cooperatives Cooperative Shares -- Marketing (%)
Milk/milk products 83
Grains/oilseeds 38
Cotton/cottonseed 42
Fruits/vegetables 19
Livestock/wool/mohair 13
All other 12
Total 28
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 4
U.S. Farmer CooperativesU.S. Farmer Cooperatives Cooperative Shares -- Supply (%)
Fertilizer 45
Petroleum 46
Crop protectants 34
Feed 15
Seed 13
Total 26
Syllabus: Introduction, p. 3
• Market system failureMarket system failure• Certainty of marketCertainty of market• Bargaining powerBargaining power• “ “Competitive yardstick”Competitive yardstick”• Value added captureValue added capture• Risk managementRisk management
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 39-72
Why Cooperatives?Why Cooperatives?
• Self-determinationSelf-determination• EfficiencyEfficiency• Community impactCommunity impact• Social benefitsSocial benefits• Philosophical commitmentPhilosophical commitment• Political objectivesPolitical objectives
Syllabus: Introduction, pp. 39-72
Why Cooperatives?Why Cooperatives?
Policy
Equity Capital
Services
Credit
Tax, Legal
Research
Institutions
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final Market
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
ProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducerProducer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
Policy
Equity Capital
Services
Credit
Tax, Legal
Research
Institutions
Policy
Equity Capital
Services
Credit
Tax, Legal
Research
Institutions
Natural Resources
Other Inputs
Producer
Buyer
Second Market
Processing
Marketing/Distribution
Final MarketIndividual andCooperative
1. Relationships2. Obligations3. Transactions
1. Relationships2. Obligations3. Transactions
5.Why cooperatives?
4.Matters of principle
3.Corporate entities
2.Basic definitions
1.The business enterprise
IntroductionIntroduction
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