the human body: an orientation - yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/ch.1 organization.pdf ·...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1

The Human Body:

An Orientation

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Directions:

Record the following information into

your notebook (to be checked).

All terms in red are key vocabulary.

You will be tested these terms.

The Human Body – Introduction

anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

physiology: the study of how the body and its parts work or function

anatomy: form (structure)

physiology: function

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

anatomy: form (structure)

physiology: function

Physiology is the study of how the

anatomy of the human body functions.

Physiology is the study of how the

anatomy of the human body functions,

due to it’s shape. Form fits function.

Pathophysiology: the study of …?

Patho - physiology: the study of …?

disease – human body functions

Pathophysiology: the study of human

disease and abnormalities.

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

• Example: large intestine

Figure 1.1

Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

• Ex. absorption

mechanism in the kidney

Figure 14.4

Microscopic Anatomy

• In order to learn about an object,

it is important to understand

the parts that it is made of!

Figure 14.4

Of the human body,

name the 6 levels of structural organization:

smallest 1. atoms combine to form

largest 6. human organisms are made up of

many organ systems

Levels of Structural Organization

Of the human body,

smallest 1. atoms combine to form molecules

many organ systems

Of the human body,

2. cells are made up of molecules

many organ systems

Of the human body,

3. tissues consist of similar types of cells

many organ systems

Of the human body,

4. organs are made up of similar tissues

largest 6. human organisms are made up of…

Of the human body,

5. organ systems are made up of many

organs working together

largest 6. human organisms are made up of…

Of the human body,

many organ systems

Of the human body,

many organ systems

Figure 1.1

Form fits function.

Neuron (brain cell)

Form fits function.

Art + Science = Genius

About Neurons : 4m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk&feature=youtu.be

Organ System Overview

Integumentary System

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

Skeletal System

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b

Skeletal System

• Stores minerals Example(s)?

-femur

-spinal cord

Skeletal System

• Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b

Muscular System

• Allows for locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

Nervous System

• Fast-acting control

system

• Responds to

internal and external

changes

• Activates muscles

and glands

Figure 1.2d

Endocrine System

Secretes regulatory hormones, to control:

• growth

• reproduction

• metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Endocrine System

Secretes regulatory hormones, to control:

• growth

• reproduction

• metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body, via blood pumped by heart

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

• nutrients

• wastes

Figure 1.2f

Lymphatic System

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Lymphatic System

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Respiratory System

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i

Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• water

• electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• water

• electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Reproductive

• Production of gametes

• Production of offspring.

• Only system not needed for survival of the individual!

Figure 1.2k

Maintaining equilibrium

homeostasis: stable internal environment

Ex.) internal body temperature(37°C = 98.6°F)

Ex.) constant blood-calcium levels (9-11mg of calcium per 100ml of blood)

Maintaining equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• What do we need to balance?

-feedback loop system

Feedback System - vocabulary

stimulus: something that occurs, that signals an action (in reaction)

feedback: a signal that carries information

receptor (sensor): senses changes in environment and sends info to the:

control center: to figure out how to respond factor (too little or too much of something); maintenance needs are sent to the:

effector: initiates action (release of chemicals), needed to reach homeostasis

stimulus: external or internal event

receptor (sensor): a sensory organ

control center: chemicals are released to signal an action

effector: an organ that acts in response to a signal

feedback: chemicals that carries information

Feedback Loop (structure)

Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Loop - example

Hypothalamus

Temperature

increasesChemicals

released

Sweat glands

Feedback System – Example scenario

Asa's environment is changed when his taller, younger

sister presses her hand onto one of his shoulders. Asa's

standing body position is altered by this stimulus; he is

suddenly unbalanced from the weight. His nervous

system recognizes this change in his standing posture. A

chemical signal is sent from his nervous system to his

skeletal and muscular systems, to straighten the body

position and tighten the muscles. With this response, Asa

is able to maintain his balance.

Asa's environment is changed when his taller, younger

sister presses her hand onto one of his shoulders. Asa's

standing body position is altered by this stimulus; he is

suddenly unbalanced from the weight. His nervous

system recognizes this change in his standing posture. A

chemical signal is sent from his nervous system to his

skeletal and muscular systems, to straighten the body

position and tighten the muscles. With this response, Asa

is able to maintain his balance.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Standing

body position

Hand on

shoulderChemicals sent to

brain, spine, muscles

(to change due to

weight added)

Back and shoulder

muscles tighten

(contract)

Usually well-hydrated, Peter has not had a sip of water in

6 hours. His body is dehydrated. This low water content

in his body is detected by the hypothalamus. The

hypothalamus signals to the pancreas to create and

release the hormone vasopressin. This chemical travels to

the kidney, which tells the organ to reabsorb water from

the urine. This helps the body to conserve water, until

more fluids are consumed.

Usually well-hydrated, Peter has not had a sip of water in

6 hours. His body is dehydrated. This low water content

in his body is detected by the hypothalamus. The

hypothalamus signals to the pancreas to create and

release the hormone vasopressin. This chemical travels to

the kidney, which tells the organ to reabsorb water from

the urine. This helps the body to conserve water, until

more fluids are consumed.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Aria walks by a locker, quickly and with out awareness

of her surroundings. She bumps her arm into the edge of

a locker door, and damages a blood vessel. She begins to

bleed. Platelets start to flow through this vessel have to

cling to the injured site. This sensor releases chemicals,

intended to attract more platelets. Platelets continue to

pile up (while releasing more signaling chemicals), until

a clot is formed.

Aria walks by a locker, quickly and with out awareness

of her surroundings. She bumps her arm into the edge of

a locker door, and damages a blood vessel. She begins to

bleed. Platelets start to flow through this vessel have to

cling to the injured site. This sensor releases chemicals,

intended to attract more platelets. Platelets continue to

pile up (while releasing more signaling chemicals), until

a clot is formed.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Hadley is going into child birth. When the baby’s head

pushes against the walls of the uterus, her body senses

that labor is to begin. This pressure on the uterus causes

the body to release oxytocin, a hormone that intensifies

and speeds up contractions. Oxytocin is released into the

bloodtream, which travels back to the uterus. This

chemical is a signal that contractions should continue.

This feedback loop continues until the baby is born, until

there is no more pressure on the walls of the uterus.

Hadley is going into child birth. When the baby’s head

pushes against the walls of the uterus, her body senses

that labor is to begin. This pressure on the uterus causes

the body to release oxytocin, a hormone that intensifies

and speeds up contractions. Oxytocin is released into the

bloodtream, which travels back to the uterus. This

chemical is a signal that contractions should continue.

This feedback loop continues until the baby is born, until

there is no more pressure on the walls of the uterus.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Due to the cold environment, an external stimulus results in a

change in the internal conditions. When the body temperature

drops below 37 degrees Celsius, the brain detects the change. The

hypothalamus causes the secretion of a hormone through the

bloodstream. This chemical signals to the skin to constrict (tighten)

blood vessels. This mechanism is to allow the warmth of blood to

be retained deeper in the body. Less heat will be lost on the surface

of the skin. This cycle continues until the body warms back up to

37 degrees Celsius.

Due to the cold environment, an external stimulus results in a

change in the internal conditions. When the body temperature

drops below 37 degrees Celsius, the brain detects the change. The

hypothalamus causes the secretion of a hormone through the

bloodstream. This chemical signals to the skin to constrict (tighten)

blood vessels. This mechanism is to allow the warmth of blood to

be retained deeper in the body. Less heat will be lost on the surface

of the skin. This cycle continues until the body warms back up to

37 degrees Celsius.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

While parked at an intersection, Molly watches as the

driver next to her speeds away while texting. This driver

just misses a pedestrian crossing the street. This stressful

situation increases Molly’s blood pressure. Baroreceptors

in certain blood vessels pick up on this change to Molly’s

internal balance. The brain interprets this sensation and

sends chemical signals through nerve impulses, telling

the heart to slow down, to beat at a slower pace. This

brings Molly back to homeostasis.

While parked at an intersection, Molly watches as the

driver next to her speeds away while texting. This driver

just misses a pedestrian crossing the street. This stressful

situation increases Molly’s blood pressure. Baroreceptors

in certain blood vessels pick up on this change to Molly’s

internal balance. The brain interprets this sensation and

sends chemical signals through nerve impulses, telling

the heart to slow down, to beat at a slower pace. This

brings Molly back to homeostasis.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Baroreceptors

in blood vessels

Stress from

observing near

Brain sends

chemical signals

through

nerve impulses

Heart pumps more

slowly, lowering

blood pressure

Your stomach normally secretes a compound called pepsinogen

that is an inactive enzyme. When food is ingested, the

hypothalamus detects the addition of sugars into the body. The

hypothalamus, the main controller of the endocrine system,

releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with the

stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete of

hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These enzymes help break down the

sugar molecules.

releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with the

stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete of

sugar molecules.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with

the stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete

sugar molecules.

hypothalamus

Food is

ingested (eaten)gastrin

(hormone)

is released

Cells lining stomach

secrete hydrochloric

acid and pepsin

Demonstrate a Feedback Loop

Directions: In a groups of 2-3, create an example of a feedback loop.

1. Draw the Feedback Loop structure on a piece of paper, and describe what is occurring, by filling in each box.

2. Physically perform your example in front of the class. As the action occurs, only one must explain what is happening. This narrator must use the following 5 vocabulary terms in the description:

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, feedback

Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Loop: Blood-Calcium levels

homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease

Examples:

• Autoimmune disorders

• Low blood sugar

• High blood pressure

• Hyperthyroidism….and many others

Homeostatic Imbalance

• Role and anatomy of the pancreas 3:15m

• Pancreas form and function:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBvOsL-

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcrTzUj

• + diabetes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzjjW--I-2Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

Maintaining Homeostasis

How do all your trillions of cells work together to maintain homeostasis?

They have a really good, really complicated communication (feedback loops) system

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems.

neural: brain and nerve sending messages.

hormonal: chemicals being sent throughout the body to tell cells what to do (usually also controlled by brain)

Feedback Mechanisms

• Two ways to do this:

1. Negative Feedback

2. Positive Feedback

Feedback Mechanisms

• Two ways to do this:

1. Negative Feedback –aims to

establish homeostasis

Positive Feedback - aims to

get a job done (fulfill a function)

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

• shuts off or reduces the intensity of the control center

• most control mechanisms are negative

Ex: household thermostat controls the heating of a house

Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

•pushes control center to continue (but will eventually stop)

•uncommon in body, doesn’t establish balance

Blood clotting

Labor contractions

Positive feedback

•pushes control center to continue (but will eventually stop)

•uncommon in body, doesn’t establish balance

Blood clotting

Labor contractions

Drawing a Feedback Mechanism

Feedback Loop: Blood-Calcium levels

Directions:

1. Draw a square, to represent the receptor. Label the receptor.

2. Draw 2 squares (1 above, 1 below the receptors), to represent the

effectors. Label the effectors.

The box above is the effector in a positive feedback system.

The box below is the effector in a negative feedback system.

3. Draw two sets of arrows, that travel from the receptor to the

effectors, and back to the receptor. Label the arrows toward the

effectors with the control system mechanism.

Hypothalamus

Temperature

increasesChemicals

released

Sweat glands

Directions:

Draw a feedback mechanism diagram, using the example of how the

body maintains temperature equilibrium.

Example:

When the body is above 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling the sweat glands to release liquid. This

cools the body.

When the body is below 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling to the nervous to make muscles

contract. This generates heat, to warm the body.

Directions:

Draw a feedback mechanism diagram, using the example of how the

body maintains temperature equilibrium.

Example:

When the body is above 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling the sweat glands to release liquid. This

cools the body.

When the body is below 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling to the nervous to make muscles

contract. This generates heat, to warm the body.

Disease Versus Disorder

disease: illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

disorder: any abnormality of structure and function

Disease Versus Disorder

symptoms: subjective changes in body functions (not apparent to observer)

signs: objective changes in body functions (observable by others)

aging: process in which there is a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis

Section 1.4: Restate the Qs (6-8) on p10

1.4 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits

Objectives:

Can I answer all of these by the end of my reading?

If yes, you have read well (active reading)

If no, re-read, change techniques:

Record/define vocab, draw images, watch videos

6. The types of disturbances that can act as stimuli

that initiate a feedback system are either internal or

external. For example, (external) intense heat, lack of

oxygen, social stresses, or (internal) blood glucose

levels (p8).

7. The negative and positive feedback systems are

similar because they are a cycle of events that functions

to continually monitor, evaluate, change, remonitor, and

reevaluate a condition in the body (p8).

The negative and positive feedback systems are

different. Negative feedback systems reverse a change

in the body’s controlled condition (homeostasis).

Positive feedback systems strengthen a change in the

body’s controlled condition.

8. Symptoms and signs of a disease may be contrasted.

A symptom is a change in body functions that are not

easily observed by another person (ex. headache, nausea).

A sign is a change in body functions that can be measured

by a clinician (ex. bleeding, fever).

Vocabulary

diagnose: to distinguish one disease from another or

determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is typically

arrived at after the taking of a medical history and after a

physical examination.

The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks

• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks

• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body Planes

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities: Dorsal and Ventral

Figure 1.7

Body Cavities: Abdominopelvic

Figure 1.7

• Pin the “tail” on the skeleton(borrow) game

Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintain Boundaries

2. Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

3. Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

4. Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

5. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

6. Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

7. Reproduction

• Necessary for the individual????

• Production of future generation

8. Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs

So, what do you need to stay alive????

• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

• Why?

• Need it to break down food into ATP

Survival Needs

• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reactions

• Maintains blood volume

• Stable body temperature

• We are endothermic afterall!

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate.Why?

• To allow us to breath.

the human body: an orientation - yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/ch.1 organization.pdf ·...

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